• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Document
Document

... 13) List 5 properties of nonmetals. Where are the nonmetals located on the Periodic Table? Where is the most reactive nonmetal located? Brittle, don’t conduct, may be solids, liquids or gases, not ductile, not malleable Right of the zig-zag line Fluorine 14) Name and describe the two main classifica ...
Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms
Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms

... heating a gas with electricity we can get it to give off colors.  Passing this light through a prism does something different. ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

Chapter 1
Chapter 1

$doc.title

... their  charge  they  can  decay  into  an  electron  or  positron,  and  two  neutrinos.    Some  of  these   muons  reach  sea  level  such  that  their  properties  can  be  measured  in  the  laboratory.    To   measure  their ...
STUDY GUIDE for DIGESTION and NUTRITION
STUDY GUIDE for DIGESTION and NUTRITION

...  Write the word equations for a chemical reaction ...
Lewis
Lewis

... • the need of 2 electrons for a bond, •atomic orbitals and quantum states (with quantum numbers n, m, l, s), • the energy levels of the different shells, subshells, orbitals, • the maximum number of shells, subshells, orbitals, and electrons, • the numbers and/or maximum numbers of bonds, an atom li ...
File
File

Atomic Spectra
Atomic Spectra

... ΔS = 0 stems from the fact that the photon, which has a spin of 1, does not affect the spin directly. The rules about ΔL and Δl express the fact that the orbital angular momentum of an individual electron must change, but whether or not this results in an overall change of orbital momentum depends o ...
Unit 2 Atomic structure
Unit 2 Atomic structure

Modern Atomic Structure
Modern Atomic Structure

Chapter 4
Chapter 4

Quantum
Quantum

Chemistry DCA Review Sheet
Chemistry DCA Review Sheet

... Chemistry DCA Review Sheet Atoms 1. What are subatomic particles, what are their charges, and where are they found? ...
chapter02_part1_lecture - bloodhounds Incorporated
chapter02_part1_lecture - bloodhounds Incorporated

... 2.2 Elements and Compounds • Molecules form when two or more atoms bond together (example: O2) • Compounds form when two or more different elements bond together (H2O) • When a chemical reaction occurs, energy may be given off or absorbed. ...
Word document - FacStaff Home Page for CBU
Word document - FacStaff Home Page for CBU

... Collected homework problems will usually be due one week after they are assigned. Each problem is worth 10 points. Late problems will be accepted with a 1-point penalty per day. After 5 days, the penalty will not increase beyond 5 points and problems can be turned in up until the last day of classes ...
Chapter 2 part 1
Chapter 2 part 1

S.V. Stepanov
S.V. Stepanov

1st Semester Exam in High School Chemistry
1st Semester Exam in High School Chemistry

... about things that have been measured. B. Yes, because scientists cannot create new theories from nothing. C. No, because natural phenomena can be observed, but not always measured. D. No, because scientific theories change as public opinion changes. ...
1 - KCSE Online
1 - KCSE Online

... (d) G has a larger atomic radius than C hence √1mk the metallic bonds in C is stronger than in G √1mk T.T 2mks (e) Giant atomic structure / molecular structre√1mk (f) P has a smaller atomic radius than O due to a larger nuclear charge which pulls electrons strongly √1mk since added electrons enter t ...
5.2.12.C 2011 Physical Science: All students will understand that
5.2.12.C 2011 Physical Science: All students will understand that

... 1. How do we know that things have energy? 2. How do the properties of materials determine their use? ...
Physics 200 Class #1 Outline
Physics 200 Class #1 Outline

... Bohr: By an act of measurement we push nature into giving us one answer or another. Thus if we include the measuring procedure and apparatus in the description of the physical situation, all will be well. Bohr comes to a line of reasoning known as the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory. The ...
PowerPoint - OrgSites.com
PowerPoint - OrgSites.com

+l - My CCSD
+l - My CCSD

Models of the Atom
Models of the Atom

< 1 ... 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 ... 276 >

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy



X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 0 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires high vacuum (P ~ 10−8 millibar) or ultra-high vacuum (UHV; P < 10−9 millibar) conditions, although a current area of development is ambient-pressure XPS, in which samples are analyzed at pressures of a few tens of millibar.XPS is a surface chemical analysis technique that can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of a material in its as-received state, or after some treatment, for example: fracturing, cutting or scraping in air or UHV to expose the bulk chemistry, ion beam etching to clean off some or all of the surface contamination (with mild ion etching) or to intentionally expose deeper layers of the sample (with more extensive ion etching) in depth-profiling XPS, exposure to heat to study the changes due to heating, exposure to reactive gases or solutions, exposure to ion beam implant, exposure to ultraviolet light.XPS is also known as ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis), an abbreviation introduced by Kai Siegbahn's research group to emphasize the chemical (rather than merely elemental) information that the technique provides.In principle XPS detects all elements. In practice, using typical laboratory-scale X-ray sources, XPS detects all elements with an atomic number (Z) of 3 (lithium) and above. It cannot easily detect hydrogen (Z = 1) or helium (Z = 2).Detection limits for most of the elements (on a modern instrument) are in the parts per thousand range. Detection limits of parts per million (ppm) are possible, but require special conditions: concentration at top surface or very long collection time (overnight).XPS is routinely used to analyze inorganic compounds, metal alloys, semiconductors, polymers, elements, catalysts, glasses, ceramics, paints, papers, inks, woods, plant parts, make-up, teeth, bones, medical implants, bio-materials, viscous oils, glues, ion-modified materials and many others.XPS is less routinely used to analyze the hydrated forms of some of the above materials by freezing the samples in their hydrated state in an ultra pure environment, and allowing or causing multilayers of ice to sublime away prior to analysis. Such hydrated XPS analysis allows hydrated sample structures, which may be different from vacuum-dehydrated sample structures, to be studied in their more relevant as-used hydrated structure. Many bio-materials such as hydrogels are examples of such samples.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report