- Vijay Education Academy
... (i) Phenol has a smaller dipole moment than methanol. (ii) It undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions. (b) Giving equations and reaction conditions, describe how methyl alcohol is obtained from water gas. Give two uses of methyl alcohol. ...
... (i) Phenol has a smaller dipole moment than methanol. (ii) It undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions. (b) Giving equations and reaction conditions, describe how methyl alcohol is obtained from water gas. Give two uses of methyl alcohol. ...
KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM
... gas occupies, this is accomplished by increasing the pressure on the gas. 4. Surface Area a. Increase the surface area of reactants increases the rate of the reaction ...
... gas occupies, this is accomplished by increasing the pressure on the gas. 4. Surface Area a. Increase the surface area of reactants increases the rate of the reaction ...
1 Unit 11-12: Equilibrium and Acid/Bases Notes Colligative
... The “reverse arrow” indicates that the reaction can occur in either direction until equilibrium occurs (The amount of Products do not have to equal Reactants, but the rate they are produced are equal). No net changes occur that are visible at equilibrium, but on the molecular level, reaction ...
... The “reverse arrow” indicates that the reaction can occur in either direction until equilibrium occurs (The amount of Products do not have to equal Reactants, but the rate they are produced are equal). No net changes occur that are visible at equilibrium, but on the molecular level, reaction ...
PART 2 – CHEMISTRY
... Matter, anything that has mass and occupies space, consists not only of things you can see and touch but also of such things as air, which you cannot see. Matter exists in three phases: solids, liquids, and gases. A solid is matter with a rigid shape and a fixed volume that does not change much with ...
... Matter, anything that has mass and occupies space, consists not only of things you can see and touch but also of such things as air, which you cannot see. Matter exists in three phases: solids, liquids, and gases. A solid is matter with a rigid shape and a fixed volume that does not change much with ...
I - Holland Public Schools
... In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant particles must physically collide with each other In this case, 2 C2H2’s and 5 O2’s would need to collide in the same place at the same time VERY UNLIKELY * OK, so how does this work then? The chemical reaction is divided into a series of steps, each of ...
... In order for a reaction to occur, the reactant particles must physically collide with each other In this case, 2 C2H2’s and 5 O2’s would need to collide in the same place at the same time VERY UNLIKELY * OK, so how does this work then? The chemical reaction is divided into a series of steps, each of ...
Chapter 5 Chemical Equilibrium 1 State whether each of the
... To maximize the production of CO(g) using the reaction C(s) + CO2(g) = 2 CO(g), should the reaction be run at high or low pressure? Explain. In this reaction, Δn = +1. According to Le Chatelier’s principle, decreasing the pressure will cause the equilibrium position to move to the right, i.e. the pr ...
... To maximize the production of CO(g) using the reaction C(s) + CO2(g) = 2 CO(g), should the reaction be run at high or low pressure? Explain. In this reaction, Δn = +1. According to Le Chatelier’s principle, decreasing the pressure will cause the equilibrium position to move to the right, i.e. the pr ...
7.7 The Laws of Thermodynamics and How They Relate to the
... break the intermolecular forces (bonds) of the reactant so that it can form the activated intermediate. The difference between this energy and the bond energy released when the new bonds are made to form the product gives us the enthalpy of the reaction. ...
... break the intermolecular forces (bonds) of the reactant so that it can form the activated intermediate. The difference between this energy and the bond energy released when the new bonds are made to form the product gives us the enthalpy of the reaction. ...
Writing Chemical Formulas and Chemical Reactions
... All chemical equations must be balanced so that they are consistent with the Law of Conservation of Mass. Here are some suggestions for balancing equations: 1. When balancing equations, always start with the “ugliest” molecule first (polyatomics). 2. To balance, place the desired number (coefficient ...
... All chemical equations must be balanced so that they are consistent with the Law of Conservation of Mass. Here are some suggestions for balancing equations: 1. When balancing equations, always start with the “ugliest” molecule first (polyatomics). 2. To balance, place the desired number (coefficient ...
Electrochemistry
... second is Cl- becoming Cl20. These types will always take the ions from the solid and form their elements. If they are part of H O N Cl Br I F they will get a subscript of 2. ...
... second is Cl- becoming Cl20. These types will always take the ions from the solid and form their elements. If they are part of H O N Cl Br I F they will get a subscript of 2. ...
Topic 4
... We’ve stated the terms strong acid, strong base, soluble salt, insoluble salt, but we haven’t describe how to determine which species fall under these terms. To be able to write chemical reactions correctly, we will need to understand solubility and how strong and weak species dissociate in water. ...
... We’ve stated the terms strong acid, strong base, soluble salt, insoluble salt, but we haven’t describe how to determine which species fall under these terms. To be able to write chemical reactions correctly, we will need to understand solubility and how strong and weak species dissociate in water. ...
Take notes on this document while you are watching the recorded
... B. Chemical bonds: We will focus on 3 types of bonds important to living systems. -Ionic bond-Covalent bond-Hydrogen bond Keep in mind: Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in their outer energy level! Text Fig. 2.2 p. 30 Ionic bond formation ...
... B. Chemical bonds: We will focus on 3 types of bonds important to living systems. -Ionic bond-Covalent bond-Hydrogen bond Keep in mind: Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in their outer energy level! Text Fig. 2.2 p. 30 Ionic bond formation ...
Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry (12
... Aim 7: Simulations are available to study the three dimensional structures of these and the structures in 4.2.9( diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene) and 4.2.10 ( silicon and silicon dioxide). Predict whether or not a molecule is polar from its molecular shape and bond polarities. Describe and compa ...
... Aim 7: Simulations are available to study the three dimensional structures of these and the structures in 4.2.9( diamond, graphite and C60 fullerene) and 4.2.10 ( silicon and silicon dioxide). Predict whether or not a molecule is polar from its molecular shape and bond polarities. Describe and compa ...
Revision Y12 Chemistry PLC
... The shapes of simple molecules and ions (g) the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted by electron pair repulsion, including the relative repulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone pairs of el ...
... The shapes of simple molecules and ions (g) the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules and ions with up to six electron pairs (including lone pairs) surrounding the central atom as predicted by electron pair repulsion, including the relative repulsive strengths of bonded pairs and lone pairs of el ...
Chemistry 1. The Periodic Table displays the
... from the ability of atoms to form bonds. This ability results from the electrostatic forces between electrons and protons and between atoms and molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept students know: a. atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent or metallic bon ...
... from the ability of atoms to form bonds. This ability results from the electrostatic forces between electrons and protons and between atoms and molecules. As a basis for understanding this concept students know: a. atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent or metallic bon ...
Thermodynamics
... Consider the reaction between gaseous nitrogen. N2(g) and gaseous oxygen O2(g) to form gaseous nitric oxide NO(g). This reaction is carried out at high temperature. So during the reaction heat is absorbed, by the system from the surroundings. The reaction is represented as, ...
... Consider the reaction between gaseous nitrogen. N2(g) and gaseous oxygen O2(g) to form gaseous nitric oxide NO(g). This reaction is carried out at high temperature. So during the reaction heat is absorbed, by the system from the surroundings. The reaction is represented as, ...
Production of Materials by Jimmy Huang
... Ethanol has the structural formula CH3-CH2-OH, meaning it is an alkane with one H atom replaced by the OH functional group. It is the most widely used alcohol, which is a family of carbon compounds containing the OH group. Ethylene can be made from ethanol through the process of dehydration. Dehydra ...
... Ethanol has the structural formula CH3-CH2-OH, meaning it is an alkane with one H atom replaced by the OH functional group. It is the most widely used alcohol, which is a family of carbon compounds containing the OH group. Ethylene can be made from ethanol through the process of dehydration. Dehydra ...
Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi © 2016 Ebneshahidi
... the ability of a solution to change the tone or shape of cells by changing their internal H2O volume. - Hypertonic: solutions with higher osmotic pressure cells in a Hypertonic solution lose H2O and shrink. - Hypotonic : solution with a lower osmotic pressure cells in hyportonic solution gain ...
... the ability of a solution to change the tone or shape of cells by changing their internal H2O volume. - Hypertonic: solutions with higher osmotic pressure cells in a Hypertonic solution lose H2O and shrink. - Hypotonic : solution with a lower osmotic pressure cells in hyportonic solution gain ...
Review for Final Exam - Short Answer and Problems
... Limestone is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as well as other compounds. In an analysis, a chemist takes a sample of limestone which has a mass of 413 mg and treats it with oxalic acid (H2C2O4). A chemical reaction occurs between the calcium carbonate and the acid producing calcium oxalate and ...
... Limestone is composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as well as other compounds. In an analysis, a chemist takes a sample of limestone which has a mass of 413 mg and treats it with oxalic acid (H2C2O4). A chemical reaction occurs between the calcium carbonate and the acid producing calcium oxalate and ...
Chemistry Lesson Plans #07 - Chemical Reactions
... reaction. As with a word equation, we use an arrow to indicate a reaction, with the reactants on the left, separated by a + sign, and products on the right, also separated by a + sign. Take rust: Fe + O 2 → Fe 2 O3 Such an equation is called a skeleton equation, in that it only shows the products an ...
... reaction. As with a word equation, we use an arrow to indicate a reaction, with the reactants on the left, separated by a + sign, and products on the right, also separated by a + sign. Take rust: Fe + O 2 → Fe 2 O3 Such an equation is called a skeleton equation, in that it only shows the products an ...
Chemistry -- Acids and Bases
... V. Predicting the Reactions that Occur between Acids and Bases A. How many protons can an acid donate H3PO4 can donate up to 3 H+ -- “more than one” – “proton” Polyprotic acid: An acid that can donate more than one proton Triprotic acid: An acid that can donate up to 3 ...
... V. Predicting the Reactions that Occur between Acids and Bases A. How many protons can an acid donate H3PO4 can donate up to 3 H+ -- “more than one” – “proton” Polyprotic acid: An acid that can donate more than one proton Triprotic acid: An acid that can donate up to 3 ...
Regents questions
... Go figure – Notice that germanium, Ge is a metalloid but tin, Sn, is a metal. What changes in atomic properties do you think are important in explaining this difference? Give it some thought – Describe the relationship between the trends in metallic character and trends in ionization energy: ...
... Go figure – Notice that germanium, Ge is a metalloid but tin, Sn, is a metal. What changes in atomic properties do you think are important in explaining this difference? Give it some thought – Describe the relationship between the trends in metallic character and trends in ionization energy: ...
Questionsheet 1
... The gas produced can be identified using limewater. Name the gas and the result of this test. Name of gas ............................................................................................................................................... Result of test ................................... ...
... The gas produced can be identified using limewater. Name the gas and the result of this test. Name of gas ............................................................................................................................................... Result of test ................................... ...
Lewis acid catalysis
In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2 or sp3), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids. Examples include the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In addition to accelerating the reactions, Lewis acid catalysts are able to impose regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in many cases.Early developments in Lewis acid reagents focused on easily available compounds such as TiCl4, BF3, SnCl4, and AlCl3. The relative strengths of these (and other) Lewis acids may be estimated from NMR spectroscopy by the Childs method or the Gutmann-Beckett method. Over the years, versatile catalysts bearing ligands designed for specific applications have facilitated improvement in both reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. More recently, Lewis acid catalysts with chiral ligands have become an important class of tools for asymmetric catalysis.Challenges in the development of Lewis acid catalysis include inefficient catalyst turnover (caused by catalyst affinity for the product) and the frequent requirement of two-point binding for stereoselectivity, which often necessitates the use of auxiliary groups.