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9-1 PowerPoint
9-1 PowerPoint

... Glycolysis produces only a small amount of energy. Most of glucose’s energy (90%) remains locked in the chemical bonds of pyruvic acid at the end of ...
L9 PS Variations Fa08
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... • Stomata need to be open for gas exchange – No incoming CO2, then low input for Calvin cycle • Stomata need to be closed to prevent excessive water loss – If water in the soil is limited, and – The day is hot or dry ...
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... Phosphagens are more rapidly depleted with high intensity exercise than aerobic exercise. Creatine Phosphate decreases 50-70% during high intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated by exercise to exhaustion Muscle ATP concentrations do not decrease by more than 60% of initial value even during ...
Cellular Respiration
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... • All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. ...
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... Step 1) Assign oxidation numbers to all elements in the equation. Step 2) From the changes in oxidation numbers, identify the oxidized and reduced species. Step 3) Compute the number of electrons lost in the oxidation and gained in the reduction from the oxidation number changes. Draw tie-lines betw ...
Chapter 9 powerpoint - Red Hook Central Schools
Chapter 9 powerpoint - Red Hook Central Schools

... • NADH passes the electrons to the electron transport chain ETC. • Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction. • O2 pulls electrons down the ETC chain in an energy-yielding tumble. • The energy yielded is use ...
No Slide Title - Palm Beach State College
No Slide Title - Palm Beach State College

... • Solution—consists of particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent • Solute can be gas, solid, or liquid • Solutions are defined by the following properties: ...
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... 4. Summarize: A chemical equation shows reactants on the left side of an arrow, and products on the right, like this: reactant + reactant  product + product. Based on your observations, what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? _______________________________________________________________ ...
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biology 2402

... Oxidative Phosphorylation - electrons are removed from organic compounds (usually by NAD+) and passed through a series of electron acceptors to molecules of oxygen (O2) or other inorganic molecules. -Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane of human cells. Electron Transport Chain - the series of ...
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... • ATP is produced and used continuously. The entire amount of ATP in an organism is recycled once per minute. Most cells maintain only a few seconds supply of ATP. ...
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... ACP – Acyl Carrier Protein • Small protein consisting of the pros. Group 4phosphopantet heine. • Serves as a flexible arm, tethering the growing fatty acyl chain to the surface of F.A.S complex ...
The energy systems - TrackandFieldScience.com
The energy systems - TrackandFieldScience.com

... also hear of it being called the alactic energy system. Breaking the bond in the end phosphate releases the energy. There is a small store of phosphocreatine located in the muscle that is able to donate a phosphate to the ADP. The enzyme creatine kinase splits the high energy phosphate from the cre ...
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19 Dr. Nafez Abu Tarboosh Qusai Al Sharef
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... by oxygen atoms. --Why are those so important? Because they help the coenzyme to bind with Mg which preserve the structure (when Mg is bound it will stabilize the whole structure). Referring to the previous point: 1-The part responsible for binding is the pyrophosphate. 2-The part responsible for ca ...
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... 6) Find the number of lone pair (nonbonding) electrons by subtracting the bonding electrons (#3 above) from the valence electrons (#1 above). Arrange these around the atoms until all of them satisfy the octet rule: Remember, ALL elements EXCEPT hydrogen want eight electrons around them, total. Hydro ...
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cellular respiration

... • The NADH produced in glycolysis passes its electrons across the mitochondrial membrane to either NAD+ or FAD. Because FADH2 adds its electrons farther along the electron transport chain, it contributes less to the H+ gradient and thus generates less ATP. • Some of the energy of the H+ gradient may ...
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8–2 Photosynthesis

... Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light also absorbs the energy from that light. When chlorophyll absorbs light, much of the energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule, raising the energy levels of these electrons. These high-energy electrons m ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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