• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
File - Mr. Shanks` Class

... To calculate the energy released by lipid breakdown, there are two steps. Step One: beta-oxidation step that converts a long chain of carbons into a series of acetyl-CoA The oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules requires the breaking of bonds, always one less bond that the number of ac ...
Chapter 3
Chapter 3

... • Exergonic reactions – Release energy • Coupled reactions – Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction ...
Atomic structure and periodic table
Atomic structure and periodic table

... outer electrons to be stable and form a positively charged ion called cation. A cation therefore has more protons(positive charge) than electrons(negative charge) Generally metals usually form cation Elements with more than four electrons in the outer energy level gain /acquire extra electrons in th ...
Energy - Peter Consterdine.com
Energy - Peter Consterdine.com

... Any lactic acid produced as a by-product can be converted back into liver glycogen. Even during long aerobic activities, i.e. 10k run, the lactic acid system can be called upon to produce an extra burst of energy, for example, a sprint finish. Drawbacks of the lactic system are first, the accumulati ...
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)

... oxidative phosphorylation to yield more (Think: Disney dollars - can only get this energy converted to ATP at the ETC) ...
Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration
Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration

... Electrons transferred from NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain Electrons passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 Electron transport chain generates no ATP ETC function: break the large free-energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that ...
Discovery of a Photosynthesizing Animal that Can Survive for
Discovery of a Photosynthesizing Animal that Can Survive for

... the chloroplasts are equally distributed inside long tubeshaped cells. The mollusk presents another picture. Once having eaten the algae, it increases greatly in size and stepby-step forms the earlier absent photosynthesizing organ, which has a shape of a higher plant leaf. And just inside this orga ...
lopez 09_Lecture_Presentation
lopez 09_Lecture_Presentation

... FORMING LACTATE AS AN END PRODUCT, WITH NO RELEASE OF CO2 ...
2-Phospho
2-Phospho

... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Unit 1 Chemistry Study Guide
Unit 1 Chemistry Study Guide

... In terms of energy how are photosynthesis & cellular respiration related? In what 2 membranes in plant cells is ATP synthetase found? Is oxygen released in the light or dark reactions of photosynthesis? Does photophosphorylation occur in Photosystem II? In which photosystem is water split? Which pro ...
Chapter 25
Chapter 25

... • Cholesterol that is not used reenters bloodstream and is absorbed by HDLs (produced by the liver with the express purpose of picking up cholesterol in the tissues) and returned to liver for storage or excretion (in bile), or to make LDLs to deliver to the tissues • This is “good” cholesterol becau ...
Chapter 24 Metabolism
Chapter 24 Metabolism

... shuttle between liver and periphery • Cholesterol that is not used reenters bloodstream and is absorbed by HDLs (produced by the liver with the express purpose of picking up cholesterol in the tissues) and returned to liver for storage or excretion (in bile), or to make LDLs to deliver to the tissue ...
Respiration in the presence of oxygen.
Respiration in the presence of oxygen.

... Germinating seed need oxygen to respire to provide the energy for growth. 9/ Why do we use germinating seeds rather than a small plant green? In a green plant, both photosynthesis and respiration will take place when light is present. Photosynthesis releases oxygen, respiration takes up oxygen. Phot ...
RESPIRATION PPT...Campbell Powerpoint presentation
RESPIRATION PPT...Campbell Powerpoint presentation

... with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Slides - Websupport1
Slides - Websupport1

... Citric acid will go through number of steps (e.g. it will become isocetric acid then ketoglutaric acid and so on)and eventually will become oxaloacetic acid ...
2-Phospho
2-Phospho

... product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
1 - Humble ISD
1 - Humble ISD

... 20. Append the diagram in (19) with a complementary strand of nucleotides, forming a doublestrand of DNA. 21. The diagram shows a simplified double helix. How does a double helix form? What bonds hold it in position? ...
Chapter 8 Your Body`s Metabolism
Chapter 8 Your Body`s Metabolism

... © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
electron transport chain
electron transport chain

... produces NADH and FADH2; 2)is a series of reactions that gives off CO2 and produces one ATP; 3)turns twice because two acetyl-CoA molecules enter the cycle per glucose molecule; 4)produces two immediate ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning ...
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University
Nucleotide Metabolism - Indiana University

... 4. Which is a precursor in the de novo synthesize CTP? A) CMP. B) GMP. C) TMP. D) UMP. 5. Which of the following is not a role of a catalytic sulfur atom in ribonucleotide reductase? A) Proton donor B) Radical stabilization C) Redox reaction D) Covalent catalysis 6. Dihydrofolate reductase and thym ...
glycolysis4bio
glycolysis4bio

... Fate of absorbed sugar • Uptake by tissues(liver): after absorption of sugars are taken up by the liver ,where galactose and fructose are converted by glucose. • Utilization by tissues: glucose under go ...
First Homework Assignment
First Homework Assignment

... biological information for binding proteins. It also means that it would take a huge range of enzymes to hydrolyze all possible connections. Experimentally, carbohydrates are the most difficult macromolecule to characterize. 3. a. Since exercise can increase blood lactate, rest is a more stable defi ...
09_Lectures_PPT
09_Lectures_PPT

... • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2, forming water ...
How Cells Obtain Energy from Food - Molecular Biology of the Cell
How Cells Obtain Energy from Food - Molecular Biology of the Cell

... including many anaerobic microorganisms (those that can live without utilizing molecular oxygen). Glycolysis probably evolved early in the history of life, before the activities of photosynthetic organisms introduced oxygen into the atmosphere. During glycolysis, a glucose molecule with six carbon a ...
Chapter 12: Bioenergetics
Chapter 12: Bioenergetics

... Multiple “food” molecules get converted into a small number of common C2 and C4 molecules These C2/C4 molecules enter the center of the mitochondria where they are “processed” by the citric acid pathway The citric acid pathway gives H+ and e- which are used to generate NADH and FADH2 These are e-, H ...
< 1 ... 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report