• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
introduction - WordPress.com
introduction - WordPress.com

... the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is ...
Summary of glycolysis (Embden
Summary of glycolysis (Embden

... NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation which needs oxygen. However, during exercise, there is lack of oxygen so this reconversion is not possible, Therefore, the cell has to couple some other reaction in which NAD+ is regenerated in the cytoplasm itself hence, pyruvate is reduced to lactate; the NAD+ thu ...
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver

... * This system involves the partial breakdown of glucose (oxygen is required for full breakdown). ...
Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training
Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training

... Pyruvate (from slow glycolysis) enters into the Krebs Cycle; the 3-carbon (chain) pyruvate becomes a 2-carbon (chain) acetyl-CoA; the extra carbon that is removed combines with O2 to make carbon dioxide (CO2) which is later ...
Popeye knew what he was doing!
Popeye knew what he was doing!

... Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration – Overview • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is us ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Pyruvate (from glycolysis) ...
File
File

... Endergonic reactions are those that store energy. During these reactions the reactant has lower free energy than the product. This is expressed by +G (positive Gibbs number). They do not happen spontaneously and need supply of energy to occur. Example would be production of ATP during aerobic respir ...
Energy For Muscular Activity
Energy For Muscular Activity

... 1. What are the differences between the 3 energy systems? 2. List one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the 3 energy systems. 3. Give an example of three activities or sports that use each of (a) the high energy phosphate system, (b) the anaerobic glycolytic system, and (c) the aerobic oxida ...
Cells and Energy
Cells and Energy

... Photosynthesis is a process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy. Therefore, directly or indirectly, the energy for almost all organisms begins as sunlight. Sunlight includes a wide range of radiant energy, such as ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, and the ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

... needs in order to photosynthesize ...
7 NCCR MUST
7 NCCR MUST

... experimental investigations on the dynamics of atomic-scale structure in solid state materials. The short wavelength of x-rays combined with short pulse durations allow for diffraction experiments that directly probe changes inatomic scale structure. For lattice motion, the fundamental time scale of ...
Chapter 6 Slides
Chapter 6 Slides

... respiration and removes CO2  Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aer ...
glycolysis
glycolysis

... In this case, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate have to continue to the reaction of payoff phase. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate will converted to 1,3biphosphoglycerate as the first compound that produce in the payoff phase If the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase that has play role in the conver ...
01 - ALCA
01 - ALCA

... The build up of lactic acid gives the muscle a ‘burning’ feeling. Some athletes use the term ‘feel the burn’ to know that they are pushing the endurance of the muscle metabolism to its limit. Lactic acid has a bad rap, because it has a positive purpose to protect the muscles from working to a point ...
video slide - Biology at Mott
video slide - Biology at Mott

... by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate • The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a ...
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate

... A linear, unbranched β l-4 glucan molecular ...
BI0 120 cell and tissues
BI0 120 cell and tissues

... B. matrix of the mitochondria. C. membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. D. intermembrane space of mitochondria. E. inner membrane of the chloroplasts. 38. What is the fate of the carbon fragment that proceeds through the citric acid cycle? A. conversion to heat. B. synthesis of glucose. C. i ...
Photosynthetic Research in Plant Science
Photosynthetic Research in Plant Science

... 1964, Hatch and Slack 1965) and named C4 photosynthesis. Although photosynthesis plays the central role in the energy metabolism of plants, historically there have not been strong interactions between photosynthesis research and other fields of plant science. Many techniques and tools developed for p ...
Chapter 8 Powerpoint (To the Point)
Chapter 8 Powerpoint (To the Point)

... In mitochondria...the electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors. Each electron donor passes electrons to a more electronegative acceptor, which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor, a process that continues down the series until electrons ...
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... respiration and removes CO2  Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aer ...
Slides - WordPress.com
Slides - WordPress.com

... since been identified in a variety of chemoautotrophs  rTCA cycle specific enzymes are 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (Oor), fumarate reductase (Frd), and ATP citrate lyase (Acl)  rTCA cycle pathway tends to be in organisms that live in low O2 ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY

... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
04. Introduction to metabolism
04. Introduction to metabolism

... are oxidized to common metabolite (acetyl CoA) Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled dir ...
Ch 9 Homework Plan - Dublin City Schools
Ch 9 Homework Plan - Dublin City Schools

... o Explain how the exergonic “slide” of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis o Describe the process of chemiosmosis o Explain how membrane structure is related to membrane function.  Complete the Cellular Respiration Review Activi ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
File - Mr. Shanks` Class

... To calculate the energy released by lipid breakdown, there are two steps. Step One: beta-oxidation step that converts a long chain of carbons into a series of acetyl-CoA The oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA molecules requires the breaking of bonds, always one less bond that the number of ac ...
< 1 ... 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report