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Unit IX: Identification of a Gram
Unit IX: Identification of a Gram

... Another approach to identify bacteria is based on the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) of 16SrRNA genes (16SrDNA); its results in a type of DNA-fingerprint. The secondary structure of the 16SrRNA (Figure 27.1) is highly conserved and functions well as a molecular chronometer. For this ...
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... mitochondrial DNA and takes the form of circular chromosomes containing the genes involved in the photosynthetic process. Where circular DNA is found in eukaryotes, it is thought that it has been incorporated from early bacteria or prokaryotes. Typically, the DNA content of a single human cell, if c ...
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64$ CfE Higher Biology Unit 1: DNA and the

... demonstrated two findings, now known as Chargaff's rules: firstly, that adenine and thymine always occur together, and similarly that cytosine and guanine pair up - this is called base pairing; secondly, that DNA sequences vary between species. In the early 1950s, work by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalin ...
64$ CfE Higher Biology Unit 1: DNA and the
64$ CfE Higher Biology Unit 1: DNA and the

... demonstrated two findings, now known as Chargaff's rules: firstly, that adenine and thymine always occur together, and similarly that cytosine and guanine pair up - this is called base pairing; secondly, that DNA sequences vary between species. In the early 1950s, work by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalin ...
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Molecular cloning



Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as ""clones"". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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