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"big IB objectives"-use the blank paper technique
"big IB objectives"-use the blank paper technique

... 3.4.1 – explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase 3.4.2 – explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA 3 ...
The DnaE polymerase from Deinococcus radiodurans features
The DnaE polymerase from Deinococcus radiodurans features

... competence, D. radiodurans does also feature additional and peculiar biochemical properties responsible for genome integrity maintenance. In particular, when considering that ionizing radiations induce severe oxidative stress, it was realized that the radiation-resistance of D. radiodurans is mainly ...
Isolate and Purify Phage Genomic DNA
Isolate and Purify Phage Genomic DNA

... solution to the column-syringe set up with the P-1000 pipettor. Use one column for each ml of resin/buffer you have used. Before transferring the resin, remember to mix it very well by inverting the tube several times. Transfer 500-600 ul first and then the remaining 500-600 ul. Pipette the resin up ...
PSI- Genes
PSI- Genes

... There are two main roles for the additional codons: punctuation and protection. Codons specify instructions for transcribing from DNA to RNA. For example, the beginning and end of each gene on a strand of DNA are specified by codons. Since there are hundreds of genes on each DNA strand, punctuation ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
PPT - Altogen Biosystems

Catabolic Plasmids - UQ eSpace
Catabolic Plasmids - UQ eSpace

... For most of this century agriculture and industry have used a wide range of synthetic chemicals which appear to have no counterparts in nature. Many of these compounds, by their very nature and complexity, are resistant to degradation when released into soil, water and air. Unfortunately, the repeat ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
PPT - Altogen Biosystems

Introduction to Molecular Systematics
Introduction to Molecular Systematics

... • DNA is code for making proteins (and a few other molecules) • Proteins are the structures and enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions that are essential for the function of an organism • DNA code is read and converted to protein in two steps – Transcription: DNA is copied to messenger RNA – Tr ...
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis

... structure? What types of bonds are involved in each level of structure? 17.Why is protein structure important? 18.Explain what it means when we say that a protein is denatured? Identify some conditions under which denaturation can occur. 19.List the different ways that cells can use various nucleoti ...
Synthesis and isolation of a single-strand
Synthesis and isolation of a single-strand

... extension. Strand degradation and run-away synthesis commences (lanes 8-10). Note that full-length strands do not co-migrate due to their fluorophore labels. ...
Isolation of AOXI promoter
Isolation of AOXI promoter

Phenylobacterium immobile gen. nov. sp. nov. a Gram
Phenylobacterium immobile gen. nov. sp. nov. a Gram

... gram-negative rods or coccal rods (0.7 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 2.0 pm) that occur singly, ip pairs, or in short chains and are nonmotile and nonsporeforming. Physiological and biochemical characteristics and susceptibility to antibiotics were determined. The strains need vitamin BI2 as a growth factor; the ...
LMG P-17806 - cloudfront.net
LMG P-17806 - cloudfront.net

...  Our results confirm that each single strain of a bacterial species appears to influence the immune system in a peculiar manner: strain IMPC 4.1 showed an interesting anti-inflammatory ability (high IL-10/IL-12); probiotic strains IMPC 2.1 and LMG P-17806 were characterized by a similar and interme ...
Characterization of the ves Gene, Which is Expressed at a Low
Characterization of the ves Gene, Which is Expressed at a Low

Leishmania donovani - Oxford Academic
Leishmania donovani - Oxford Academic

... and passing another region of intact DNA through this transient double-stranded break (in an ATP-dependent manner) resulting in changes in linking number in steps of two. In contrast, type I enzymes are monomeric, require no additional energy cofactor and they transiently nick a single strand of DNA ...
Surface polysaccharide mutants of Rhizobium sp. (Acacia) strain
Surface polysaccharide mutants of Rhizobium sp. (Acacia) strain

Microbiology
Microbiology

... Identification of DNA homologous to GRH2-14 and GRH2-50 mutant loci in Rhizobium Genomic DNA from various Rbixobiztm species was examined for homology to the mutant loci of GRH2-14 and GRH2-50 by Southern blot hybridization. DNA fragments homologous to the GRH2-50 DNA probe (Fig. la) were found in R ...
dna data storage - University of Pittsburgh
dna data storage - University of Pittsburgh

... limitations, physical size and durability. Instead consider a solution that lies on the inside. Recently, researchers have been considering a certain type of bacteria that can be found in the intestines of people and animals, called Escherichia coli (E. coli); they discovered that E. coli contains a ...
Nitrosation of aspartic acid, aspartame, and glycine ethylester
Nitrosation of aspartic acid, aspartame, and glycine ethylester

... agents, the nitrosation and alkylation reactions were investigated for a number of amino acids and derivatives. The alkylating activity increased with the square of the nitrite concentration. The nitrosation rate constants for aspartic acid, aspartame, and glycine ethylester ( = precursors C) were 0 ...
Articles (Danaher) ) , short, fluorescently
Articles (Danaher) ) , short, fluorescently

... turnaround times on the order of hours1. In addition, longer read lengths have been achieved with pyrosequencing1. But the detection of a transient luminescence or electrochemical signal requires constant monitoring of every clonal population, which has thus far severely limited throughput. Also, lu ...
NDC1 : A Nuclear Periphery Component Required for Yeast Spindle Pole Body Duplication.
NDC1 : A Nuclear Periphery Component Required for Yeast Spindle Pole Body Duplication.

... Cytological experiments were carried out using diploid strains because their larger SPBs and spindles are easier to visualize. Immunoltuorescent staining of microtubules was carried out as described by IGlmartin and Adams (1984) as modified by Jacobs et ai. (1988) using the rat mAb YOL1/34 (antia-tu ...
Hershey heaven
Hershey heaven

... phage infection. What was known was that after the phage adsorbed to the bacteria there was a latent period of ∼10 minutes after which time infectious virus particles were made, ultimately leading to host cell lysis and phage release. Hershey and Chase reasoned that if they knew the fate of the vira ...
Saliva and saliva spot inspection
Saliva and saliva spot inspection

Red/ET Recombination
Red/ET Recombination

Peptidoglycans - Sigma
Peptidoglycans - Sigma

... The peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway begins in the cytoplasm with the synthesis of a muramyl peptapeptide precursor containing a terminal D-AlaD-Ala. L-Alanine is converted to D-alanine by racemase, with subsequent assembly of D-alanyl-D-alanine by D-Ala-D-Ala ligase. In the cytoplasm, the muramyl ...
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Transformation (genetics)



In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s). Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be effected by artificial means in other cells. For transformation to happen, bacteria must be in a state of competence, which might occur as a time-limited response to environmental conditions such as starvation and cell density.Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into a bacterial cell, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium).""Transformation"" may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant cells; however, because ""transformation"" has a special meaning in relation to animal cells, indicating progression to a cancerous state, the term should be avoided for animal cells when describing introduction of exogenous genetic material. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is often called ""transfection"".
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