Lecture 2: The Spinal Cord
... The ratio of white matter to gray matter increases from caudal to rostral ...
... The ratio of white matter to gray matter increases from caudal to rostral ...
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
... • In addition to motor impulses, the dorsal, ventral and white rami also carry sensory information: The bilateral region of skin monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called a dermatome. Regional loss of sensory or motor function (due to trauma or compression) is called peripheral neuropa ...
... • In addition to motor impulses, the dorsal, ventral and white rami also carry sensory information: The bilateral region of skin monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called a dermatome. Regional loss of sensory or motor function (due to trauma or compression) is called peripheral neuropa ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... does not involve a large number of interneurons (or association neurons). The simplest version is a mono-synaptic reflex that uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for example, the patellar or knee-jerk reflex). Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the acti ...
... does not involve a large number of interneurons (or association neurons). The simplest version is a mono-synaptic reflex that uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for example, the patellar or knee-jerk reflex). Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the acti ...
Chapter 14 The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter - CM
... 2. Effects on smooth muscle cells: when norepinephrine binds to specific receptors it mediates the following changes (Figure 14.7): a. Constriction of blood vessels serving the digestive, urinary, and integumentary system occurs when norepinephrine binds to receptors, which decreases blood flow to t ...
... 2. Effects on smooth muscle cells: when norepinephrine binds to specific receptors it mediates the following changes (Figure 14.7): a. Constriction of blood vessels serving the digestive, urinary, and integumentary system occurs when norepinephrine binds to receptors, which decreases blood flow to t ...
the spinal cord and spinal nerves
... would not sound so amazing, if not for the fact that this is happening at millions of places in the body at once. Nervous tissue monitors every body activity, including breathing, digestion and the beating of your heart. You do not even need to actively think about these things since they are done f ...
... would not sound so amazing, if not for the fact that this is happening at millions of places in the body at once. Nervous tissue monitors every body activity, including breathing, digestion and the beating of your heart. You do not even need to actively think about these things since they are done f ...
56 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
... The Purkinje cells learn to correct motor errors: role of climbing fibers ...
... The Purkinje cells learn to correct motor errors: role of climbing fibers ...
Nervous
... included: caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus. These are parts of the extrapyramidal UMN system. Function: control of muscle tone, voluntary movements and proprioception Damage: contralateral weakness, UMN signs (in humans: Parkinsonism and Huntington’s disease/chorea) Paralysis: Here: Loss ...
... included: caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus. These are parts of the extrapyramidal UMN system. Function: control of muscle tone, voluntary movements and proprioception Damage: contralateral weakness, UMN signs (in humans: Parkinsonism and Huntington’s disease/chorea) Paralysis: Here: Loss ...
Action Potential: Resting State
... – Ensures that _ – Enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses ...
... – Ensures that _ – Enforces one-way transmission of nerve impulses ...
Ascending Sensory Pathways
... receptor potential that results in the formation of action potentials. This transformation of the stimulus into an electrical signal is referred to as sensory transduction. Some receptors that respond quickly and maximally at the onset of the stimulus, but stop responding even if the stimulus contin ...
... receptor potential that results in the formation of action potentials. This transformation of the stimulus into an electrical signal is referred to as sensory transduction. Some receptors that respond quickly and maximally at the onset of the stimulus, but stop responding even if the stimulus contin ...
슬라이드 1 - Brain Facts
... Pain input to the spinal cord: -Projecting neurons in lamina I receive A-delta and C fibers info. -Neurons in lamina II receive input from C fibers and relay it to other laminae. -Projecting neurons in lamina V (wide-dynamic range neurons) receive A-delta, C and A-beta (low threshold mechanoceptors ...
... Pain input to the spinal cord: -Projecting neurons in lamina I receive A-delta and C fibers info. -Neurons in lamina II receive input from C fibers and relay it to other laminae. -Projecting neurons in lamina V (wide-dynamic range neurons) receive A-delta, C and A-beta (low threshold mechanoceptors ...
Axons
... taste, changes in blood chemistry) • Nociceptors—sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... taste, changes in blood chemistry) • Nociceptors—sensitive to pain-causing stimuli (e.g. extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory chemicals) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
the vagus nerve - European Medical Journal
... in mind that each trunk receives fibres from both cervical vagus nerves.5 The number of posterior and anterior trunks passing through the diaphragmatic opening is variable, up to two in the former and three in the latter.5 The anterior trunk distributes gastric branches to the anterior aspect of the ...
... in mind that each trunk receives fibres from both cervical vagus nerves.5 The number of posterior and anterior trunks passing through the diaphragmatic opening is variable, up to two in the former and three in the latter.5 The anterior trunk distributes gastric branches to the anterior aspect of the ...
Behavioral Objectives
... Proprioception is illustrated by the action of muscle spindles which are stimulated when muscle fibers stretch. A reflex action, which is illustrated by the knee reflex, causes the muscle fibers to contract. Proprioception helps maintain balance and posture. ...
... Proprioception is illustrated by the action of muscle spindles which are stimulated when muscle fibers stretch. A reflex action, which is illustrated by the knee reflex, causes the muscle fibers to contract. Proprioception helps maintain balance and posture. ...
Sensory neuropathy
... Noxious stimuli transduced into neuronal activity by molecular triggers responsive to various stimuli 1st response, reflex withdrawal, followed by higher order behavioural responses. ...
... Noxious stimuli transduced into neuronal activity by molecular triggers responsive to various stimuli 1st response, reflex withdrawal, followed by higher order behavioural responses. ...
Study guide (Word Document)
... 1. You should not be able to follow the ghost images 2. This is because rods are only located at the sides of your retina; when you look directly at something, you are using the cells in the middle of your retina, which are cones p. 102 activity 7 1. The person should not be able to hit the characte ...
... 1. You should not be able to follow the ghost images 2. This is because rods are only located at the sides of your retina; when you look directly at something, you are using the cells in the middle of your retina, which are cones p. 102 activity 7 1. The person should not be able to hit the characte ...
What are the biological mechanisms associated with taste?
... • Could genetic testing help in preventing diseases such as • Meet students from different high blood pressure or disciplines! diabetes? • Free Food! • What should MSP cover? Please note that there is only space for 25 students – so come on time! ...
... • Could genetic testing help in preventing diseases such as • Meet students from different high blood pressure or disciplines! diabetes? • Free Food! • What should MSP cover? Please note that there is only space for 25 students – so come on time! ...
16-1 INTRODUCTION The ANS regulates many important functions
... 1. Activation of the sympathetic division often results in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. These hormones circulate in the blood and produce generalized effects. 2. Sympathetic stimulation often affects many organs at the same time, for example, during exercis ...
... 1. Activation of the sympathetic division often results in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. These hormones circulate in the blood and produce generalized effects. 2. Sympathetic stimulation often affects many organs at the same time, for example, during exercis ...
File
... formed by pyramidal tracts • Decussation of the pyramids— crossover of corticospinal tracts ...
... formed by pyramidal tracts • Decussation of the pyramids— crossover of corticospinal tracts ...
16-1 INTRODUCTION The ANS regulates many important functions
... 1. Activation of the sympathetic division often results in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. These hormones circulate in the blood and produce generalized effects. 2. Sympathetic stimulation often affects many organs at the same time, for example, during exercis ...
... 1. Activation of the sympathetic division often results in the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. These hormones circulate in the blood and produce generalized effects. 2. Sympathetic stimulation often affects many organs at the same time, for example, during exercis ...
Bursting the unfolded protein response accelerates axonal
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) is damaged. These pathological state are are associated with weakness, pain, and loss of motor and sensory control. More than 100 types of peripheral neuropathies have been identified, with distinct symptoms and prognosis classified according to the type of damage to ...
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) is damaged. These pathological state are are associated with weakness, pain, and loss of motor and sensory control. More than 100 types of peripheral neuropathies have been identified, with distinct symptoms and prognosis classified according to the type of damage to ...
Figure 15.9
... • Stress ↑ sympathetic system ↑ fight-or-flight response. • ↑ production of ATP. • Dilation of the pupils. • ↑ heart rate and blood pressure. • Dilation of the airways. • Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...
... • Stress ↑ sympathetic system ↑ fight-or-flight response. • ↑ production of ATP. • Dilation of the pupils. • ↑ heart rate and blood pressure. • Dilation of the airways. • Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...
Proprioception
... touch, and smell. The I-function, the conscious part of the brain, is very aware of these senses. It voluntarily checks information obtained by these senses in order to experience the environment, and also when a strong enough stimuli has signaled attention to these specific receptors. There are oth ...
... touch, and smell. The I-function, the conscious part of the brain, is very aware of these senses. It voluntarily checks information obtained by these senses in order to experience the environment, and also when a strong enough stimuli has signaled attention to these specific receptors. There are oth ...
Autonomic NS
... • Stress ↑ sympathetic system ↑ fight-or-flight response. • ↑ production of ATP. • Dilation of the pupils. • ↑ heart rate and blood pressure. • Dilation of the airways. • Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...
... • Stress ↑ sympathetic system ↑ fight-or-flight response. • ↑ production of ATP. • Dilation of the pupils. • ↑ heart rate and blood pressure. • Dilation of the airways. • Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.