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Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe

... prevailing views derived from mammalian species have centered around either intrinsic changes within the cerebellum (Raymond and Lisberger 1998) through the mechanisms of long-term depression and potentiation (Boyden et al. 2004; Ito 1989) or, in more recent years, multiple plasticity mechanisms/ si ...
Seeing The Unseen
Seeing The Unseen

... Since then, thousands of papers have appeared in the medical literature focusing on this early stage of cognitive disorders. Mayo Clinic investigators authored a review paper in the December 2009 issue of Archives of Neurology summarizing both the progress that has been made in the field of mild cog ...
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, James W. Kalat Chapter 3

... Chapter 3: Biological Psychology ...
Can we conquer pain?
Can we conquer pain?

... the functioning of central neurons. (a) Activity-dependent central sensitization. An immediate and relatively short-lasting increase in the excitability and responsiveness of pain transmission dorsal horn neurons, which is due to phosphorylation of ion channels and receptors and follows nociceptordr ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists

... 1993; Van Der Loos, 1976; Woolsey and Van der Loos, 1970). Distinct facial dermatomes are innervated by the peripheral axonal processes of trigeminal ganglion (TG) primary sensory neurons, whose central axons form the trigeminal nerve (nV) and project to innervate second order neurons in the brainst ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a

... 1993; Van Der Loos, 1976; Woolsey and Van der Loos, 1970). Distinct facial dermatomes are innervated by the peripheral axonal processes of trigeminal ganglion (TG) primary sensory neurons, whose central axons form the trigeminal nerve (nV) and project to innervate second order neurons in the brainst ...
Effects on the central and peripheral nervous activity in rats elicited
Effects on the central and peripheral nervous activity in rats elicited

... brain barrier in transferrin-bound form, and as free Mn2+ ion via a cation transporter (Aschner et al., 1999) and can deposit in the brain. In chronic human disease resulting from long-term occupational exposure to Mn, functional (Shinotoh et al., 1997) and structural (Yamada et al., 1986) damage to ...
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellar Peduncle
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellar Peduncle

... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
16-2 The Sympathetic Division

... • Innervate sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain • Stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilate blood vessels ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat

... pondence. Projections of the lateral geniculate body to the occipital cortex were also shown by Clark (I932) and Waller (I934). Recent electrophysiological studies of the visual system of the rat have demonstrated that the primary visual area has a distinct and precisely arranged retinotopic organiz ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of

... (Harrison, 1914) yet surprisingly little is known about the cellular events of contact sensing and their transduction into directional growth, especially in neuronal growth cones. The aim of the present study was to describe the directional effects of substratum contours on the morphology of develop ...
midbrain Brain stem
midbrain Brain stem

... The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
PDF
PDF

... projections from spinal accessory motor neurons (SACMNs), which showed variable defects in dorsal migration and guidance in Ntn1 hypomorphs and in mice mutant for Dcc or Unc5c (Dillon et al., 2005, 2007). SACMNs are ventrally located in the cervical spinal cord and extend axons dorsally along the la ...
Teaching Rounds in Cardiac Electrophysiology
Teaching Rounds in Cardiac Electrophysiology

... ablation a more than acceptable surrogate in the case that the clinical SMVT is not inducible.5 Although the majority of idiopathic VTs originate in hearts without structural disease, a small subset can occur in conjunction with different entities such as coronary artery disease, valvular regurgitat ...
Document
Document

... TB_02_20 Neurons: The Messengers_Understand_LO 2.2 If an incoming message is not strong enough to cause a neuron to fire, it may cause a shift in the electrical charge of just a tiny area of the neuron. This shift, which quickly fades away, is called a(n) ________. a. resting potential b. action pot ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase

... behavioral, neurological, neurophysiological and morphological analyses have been performed. However, recent efforts to assess and describe pathophysiological mechanisms have indicated that mechanical stimulation of the affected lumbosacral nerve roots results not only in anatomical and functional c ...
The Roles of Excitatory Amino Acids and Cytokines in Morphine
The Roles of Excitatory Amino Acids and Cytokines in Morphine

... neuropathic pain. However, its use for treatment of chronic pain is limited by side effects, especially the development of morphine tolerance (that is, a loss of analgesic effectiveness) [1]. Morphine tolerance is a complex physiological response that involves a within-system and a between-system ad ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion

... plus ends distal and half their minus ends distal. Various signaling molecules are implicated in the early events of neuronal polarization that determines the neurite fate, axons vs. dendrites [Arimura and Kaibuchi, 2005], but little is known of how these molecules affect microtubule polarity orient ...
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine
Preferential Termination of Corticorubral Axons on Spine

... Formvar-coated single-slot grids, and observed with an electron microscope (1200EX; Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). The light micrographs were referred to to find the corresponding profiles under the electron microscope. To examine whether the selection of axonal swellings described above caused a sampling bia ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates

... (the type of cell on which it is found), but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways

... changes reported in our investigation. In contrast, numerous primate investigations report corticospinal neuron death following pyramidotomy or cervical cord lesions (Levine and Bradford 1938; Pernet and Hepp-Reymond 1975). For example, Pernet and Hepp-Reymond (1975) showed that following unilateral ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews

... drive the ascending phase of the action potential, are present at the AIS, namely, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6. Nav1.1 is dominant at the AIS of GABAergic neurons (394), but it is also found in the AIS of retinal ganglion cells (542) and in spinal cord motoneurons (169; see Table 2 for details). With ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience

... filopodia (Goldberg and Burmeister, 1986; Aletta and Greene, 1988). For the axon to turn, microtubules from the central domain must invade the peripheral domain in a polarized fashion in the direction of the turn (Tanaka and Kirschner, 1995). Several studies have shown that the invasion into filopod ...
PDF
PDF

... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.

... TSC2 (tuberin), are responsible for most cases. Hamartin and tuberin form a heterodimer that functions as a major cellular inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase. Genotypephenotype studies suggest that TSC2 mutations are associated with a more severe neurologic phen ...
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Neuroregeneration

Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Such mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) by the functional mechanisms and especially the extent and speed. When an axon is damaged, the distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration, losing its myelin sheath. The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at repair. In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse.Nervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. It is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration and repair, a subfield of neural tissue engineering, is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the discovery of new ways to recover nerve functionality after injury. The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated ganglia. While the peripheral nervous system has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration, the central nervous system is, for the most part, incapable of self-repair and regeneration. There is currently no treatment for recovering human nerve function after injury to the central nervous system. In addition, multiple attempts at nerve re-growth across the PNS-CNS transition have not been successful. There is simply not enough knowledge about regeneration in the central nervous system. In addition, although the peripheral nervous system has the capability for regeneration, much research still needs to be done to optimize the environment for maximum regrowth potential. Neuroregeneration is important clinically, as it is part of the pathogenesis of many diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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