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Chapter 15: Special Senses
Chapter 15: Special Senses

... • Both adapt rapidly at first, but continue to generate impulses at a low frequency • Pain is produced below 50 and over 118 degrees F. Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS ...
48-nervous text - Everglades High School
48-nervous text - Everglades High School

... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
What is a Tissue?
What is a Tissue?

... • CNS no repairs are possible  Formation of new neurons from stem cells was not thought to occur in humans  There is a lack of neurogenesis in other regions of the brain and spinal cord.  Factors preventing neurogenesis in CNS • inhibition by neuroglial cells, absence of growth stimulating factor ...
Action Potentials in Earthworms
Action Potentials in Earthworms

... to sodium (PNa). Stimulation, like synaptic activity coming from other nerve cells, can depolarize (make less negative) the cell membrane. Sodium channels in the cell membrane are sensitive to membrane depolarization and they respond by opening, which increases the membrane’s permeability to sodium. ...
Chp 13 - PNS all - Hicksville Public Schools
Chp 13 - PNS all - Hicksville Public Schools

... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina

... subunits, whereasneuronal nicotinic AChRs that do not bind oc-bungarotoxinare composedof only 2 kinds. AChRs in the postsynaptic membraneof muscle are a critical link in neuromuscular transmission, and while some neuronal nicotinic AChRs, such as those in the ciliary ganglion, have a similar postsyn ...
esogu institute of health science department of interdisciplinary
esogu institute of health science department of interdisciplinary

... Nerve cell biology is an area of huge advances occurred in the last decade. Neurological sciences, modern biology to understand the activities of the brain is developing into the most dynamic area of the cellular and molecular biological approaches. The main purpose of neurobiology, constituted the ...
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological

... factor affecting several neuronal populations not responsive to NGF. Now the family consists of NGF, BDNF, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5). More recently, members of numerous other families of proteins, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, were also dis ...
Section 2 Lactation Physiology
Section 2 Lactation Physiology

...  Growth factors secreted locally from mammary tissue may mediate, via a paracrine or autocrine mechanism, estrogen effects on mammogenesis.  Prolactin was discovered to be critically important for initiation of lactation in the periparturient period in several species, including ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila

... homogenized by probe sonication. The homogenate was spun for 5 min at 15,000 x g, and the supematant wassaved.The pelletwaswashed in an additional 500 ~1 of extraction medium. The pooled supematants were dried under vacuum at 60°C. The dried supematant was dissolved in 1 ml of distilled water and lo ...
a full bladder is sometimes a boon
a full bladder is sometimes a boon

... bladder pressure condition opted more often for the LL reward (M = 4.80; SD = 1.91) compared to people in the low bladder pressure condition (M = 4.02; SD = 1.63). In order to test for the expected moderation of BIS, we conducted a regression analysis with a contrast code for the manipulation of bla ...
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus

... Two main types of axonal endings can be identified by the morphology of their synaptic vesiclesand synaptic contacts(e.g., Figs. 2-6: R, PL; synaptic contacts, arrowheads).The first type are the axonal endingswith round synaptic vesiclesthat make asymmetricalsynaptic contacts (type 1: Gray, 1959).Th ...
View/Open
View/Open

... (2) reticular areas of the mesencephalon. Both of these are inhibitory and, when stimulated, can turn off transmission through selected portions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Both of these gating circuits help highlight the visual information that is allowed to pass. Finally, the dorsal ...
Chemosensory Systems
Chemosensory Systems

... 5. The ability of the OSN to recover from injury helps explain return of olfactory function months after smell loss due to head trauma. The OSN population is not strictly maintained with aging, however, and the sense of smell deteriorates. D. Summary: Olfaction. Smell is a chemical sense that evalua ...
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex
Development of GAP-43 mRNA in the macaque cerebral cortex

... fetal period wembryonic day 120 ŽE120.x to the adult stage. In two other areas, i.e., the parietal association area ŽPG. and the secondary visual area ŽOB., the amount of GAP-43 mRNA was measured during the postnatal period. The amount of GAP-43 mRNA was highest at E120, decreased roughly exponentia ...
Introduction to Data Communication Networks - DSpace
Introduction to Data Communication Networks - DSpace

... Anatomy of the Nervous systems  Neuron cells are the information-processing units of the brain ...
Putting Pain in Perspective
Putting Pain in Perspective

... T cell initiates consequences of pain SG cells are inhibitory to the T cell Nociceptor signals inhibit the SG neurons, therefore allowing pain signals to continue Increased signals from large diameter fibers results in increased firing of SG neurons, which ultimately decreases firing of T-cells (Res ...
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi

... automated tracing (see, e.g., http://diademchallenge.org). In most cases, however, this determination is relatively easy for the human eye. In the reconstructions described here, such distinction always occurs at the time of pencilon-paper tracing, and not as an unsupervised algorithmic step. Moreov ...
Purves chs. 12, 13 - Weizmann Institute of Science
Purves chs. 12, 13 - Weizmann Institute of Science

... head and body to novel stimuli, especially those that are not initially within the field of view. Although humans are highly visual creatures, much human communication is mediated by the auditory system; indeed, loss of hearing can be more socially debilitating than blindness. From a cultural perspe ...
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model

... their synaptic connections (Keller-Peck et al., 2001; Walsh and Lichtman, 2003). It is also possible, however, that some subset of motor neurons is particularly susceptible to the disease whereas another group is more refractory and thus able to compensate for a time. If this were the case, understa ...
Nervous System PPT
Nervous System PPT

...  Axons end in axonal terminals  Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters  Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap ...
Nervous System
Nervous System

...  Axons end in axonal terminals  Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters  Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap ...
Epiphora
Epiphora

...  With 1 canaliculus not repaired, >75% will have no symptoms  Others argue that there is no way to predict who will, so repair them all  Repair best undertaken within first 2-5 days Established Obstruction Nonsurgical  Generally not successful for obstructive systems  Digital massage  Antibiot ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of

... members including KCNQ2/3 channels, NF186, NrCAM, βIVspectrin and Nav channels in the proximal axon (Zhou et al., 1998; Jenkins and Bennett, 2001; Pan et al., 2006; Jenkins et al., 2015). Genetic deletion of ankyrin-G in mice or silencing ankyrin-G using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in dissociated neur ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate

... Addition of ammonia to glutamate by the glial enzyme glutamine synthetase would yield glutamine which can be released to the extracellular space. The high extracellular level of glutamine (~ 500 fiM) is available for neuronal re-uptake and metabolism to glutamate, GABA and the other components of th ...
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Neuroregeneration

Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Such mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) by the functional mechanisms and especially the extent and speed. When an axon is damaged, the distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration, losing its myelin sheath. The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at repair. In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse.Nervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. It is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration and repair, a subfield of neural tissue engineering, is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the discovery of new ways to recover nerve functionality after injury. The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated ganglia. While the peripheral nervous system has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration, the central nervous system is, for the most part, incapable of self-repair and regeneration. There is currently no treatment for recovering human nerve function after injury to the central nervous system. In addition, multiple attempts at nerve re-growth across the PNS-CNS transition have not been successful. There is simply not enough knowledge about regeneration in the central nervous system. In addition, although the peripheral nervous system has the capability for regeneration, much research still needs to be done to optimize the environment for maximum regrowth potential. Neuroregeneration is important clinically, as it is part of the pathogenesis of many diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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