Muscular System
... called deep fascia that strengthens and protects the muscle. • The C.T. enclosure allows for free movement of muscle. • Between muscle fibers are collagen, elastic fibers, nerves, and blood vessels. • The dense C.T. extends beyond the muscle at each end to form a tendon that attaches to periosteum o ...
... called deep fascia that strengthens and protects the muscle. • The C.T. enclosure allows for free movement of muscle. • Between muscle fibers are collagen, elastic fibers, nerves, and blood vessels. • The dense C.T. extends beyond the muscle at each end to form a tendon that attaches to periosteum o ...
7. MODELING THE SOMATOTOPIC MAP 7.1 The Somatotopic Map
... image area in the somatosensory cortex. Interestingly, the neural projections giving rise to these images are not rigid. Instead, they can change under the influence of sensory experience or as the result of a loss of sensory input, e.g., after nerve damage. The necessary modifications of the connec ...
... image area in the somatosensory cortex. Interestingly, the neural projections giving rise to these images are not rigid. Instead, they can change under the influence of sensory experience or as the result of a loss of sensory input, e.g., after nerve damage. The necessary modifications of the connec ...
control of movement by the CNS - motor neurons found in anterior
... - the faster the fibre, the larger diameter of the motoneuron that innervates it smaller neurons more easily excited by summated EPSPs slow motor units recruited by low levels of synaptic input fast motor units recruited by high levels of excitatory synaptic input - one action potential –> one twitc ...
... - the faster the fibre, the larger diameter of the motoneuron that innervates it smaller neurons more easily excited by summated EPSPs slow motor units recruited by low levels of synaptic input fast motor units recruited by high levels of excitatory synaptic input - one action potential –> one twitc ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... to abnormal muscle tone such as spasticity (a velocity dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch which causes exaggerated tendon reflexes called hyper reflexia). There are several causes of spasticity associated with the muscle spindle. First, overactive gamma motor neuron input or increas ...
... to abnormal muscle tone such as spasticity (a velocity dependent increase in resistance to passive stretch which causes exaggerated tendon reflexes called hyper reflexia). There are several causes of spasticity associated with the muscle spindle. First, overactive gamma motor neuron input or increas ...
Fig. 48.1 Peripheral nervous system
... – An action potential achieved at one region of the membrane is sufficient to depolarize a neighboring region above threshold. • Thus triggering a new action potential. • The refractory period assures that impulse conduction is unidirectional. Fig. 48.10 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., pub ...
... – An action potential achieved at one region of the membrane is sufficient to depolarize a neighboring region above threshold. • Thus triggering a new action potential. • The refractory period assures that impulse conduction is unidirectional. Fig. 48.10 Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., pub ...
APCHAPTER14
... ANS innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands • In the somatic nervous system, the cell bodies of the neurons are in the spinal cord and their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate – The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain ...
... ANS innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands • In the somatic nervous system, the cell bodies of the neurons are in the spinal cord and their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate – The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain ...
Bad Fish
... Three days into their trip, Bill netted a bird with an orange body and black wings and head. Dr. Westwood was very curious and looked closely at the bird. ...
... Three days into their trip, Bill netted a bird with an orange body and black wings and head. Dr. Westwood was very curious and looked closely at the bird. ...
The optimal muscle function in preventing and treating knee
... Identify the factors that could contribute to this outcome Operationalised in KOA 1. Beckwee's study from 2013 identifies 16 different concepts/mechanisms focusing on reducing pain for patients with KOA 2. Choice: MUSCLE (Neuromuscular components) ...
... Identify the factors that could contribute to this outcome Operationalised in KOA 1. Beckwee's study from 2013 identifies 16 different concepts/mechanisms focusing on reducing pain for patients with KOA 2. Choice: MUSCLE (Neuromuscular components) ...
Dual inhibition of the dactyl opener muscle in lobster
... Fig.·7. Inhibition of excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) by the opener inhibitor (OI) depends on interstimulus interval. A series of recordings from a single muscle fiber is shown; each trace is the average of six trials. In each recording, OI is stimulated at the time indicated by the arrow, the ...
... Fig.·7. Inhibition of excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) by the opener inhibitor (OI) depends on interstimulus interval. A series of recordings from a single muscle fiber is shown; each trace is the average of six trials. In each recording, OI is stimulated at the time indicated by the arrow, the ...
ReflexArcLabBackgroundNotes
... When high levels of light strike photoreceptors in the retina they cause nervous impulses to be sent along the Sensory neuron (Optic Nerve) These impulses are co-ordinated by relay neurons in the Midbrain Signals are then sent along the parasympathetic nervous system ...
... When high levels of light strike photoreceptors in the retina they cause nervous impulses to be sent along the Sensory neuron (Optic Nerve) These impulses are co-ordinated by relay neurons in the Midbrain Signals are then sent along the parasympathetic nervous system ...
Title: Spasmodic Dysphonia like Presentation of Stiff Person
... SPS has an auto-immune basis and may be accompanied by other auto-immune diseases in addition to elevated levels of anti-GAD antibodies (1,3). Furthermore, other antibodies such as anti-amphyphysin, and anti-gephryin may be elevated in SPS (4). Decrease in Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the ...
... SPS has an auto-immune basis and may be accompanied by other auto-immune diseases in addition to elevated levels of anti-GAD antibodies (1,3). Furthermore, other antibodies such as anti-amphyphysin, and anti-gephryin may be elevated in SPS (4). Decrease in Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), one of the ...
Document
... Some neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects Determined by the receptor type of the postsynaptic neuron Example: acetylcholine Excitatory at neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle Inhibitory in cardiac muscle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing ...
... Some neurotransmitters have both excitatory and inhibitory effects Determined by the receptor type of the postsynaptic neuron Example: acetylcholine Excitatory at neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle Inhibitory in cardiac muscle Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing ...
Facial Nerve Lesion
... weakness? Does the history indicate facial trauma? Does the weakness affect a specific muscle group? ...
... weakness? Does the history indicate facial trauma? Does the weakness affect a specific muscle group? ...
How Molecules Matter to Mental Computation
... outputs in the form of molecules emitted from the cells, and internal processes carried out by chemical reactions involving proteins (Gross 1998). Proteins can function as on-off switches, for example by the process of phosphorylation in which proteins are modified by adding groups of atoms includin ...
... outputs in the form of molecules emitted from the cells, and internal processes carried out by chemical reactions involving proteins (Gross 1998). Proteins can function as on-off switches, for example by the process of phosphorylation in which proteins are modified by adding groups of atoms includin ...
Translational Dysregulation in Autism
... exhibited enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent LTD (mGluR-LTD) compared to wild-type mice, consistent with previous findings that showed changes in neuronal protein synthesis are accompanied by altered hippocampal mGluR-LTD [14-16]. Therefore, an increased expression of eIF4E in the br ...
... exhibited enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent LTD (mGluR-LTD) compared to wild-type mice, consistent with previous findings that showed changes in neuronal protein synthesis are accompanied by altered hippocampal mGluR-LTD [14-16]. Therefore, an increased expression of eIF4E in the br ...
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Molecules in the Retina
... to three days later the animal was reanesthetized and perfused with fixative. The tectum was then serially sectioned, with the plane of the sections being as close as possible to coronal. Each section was then split in the midsagittal plane, and each right half-section was set aside. The left half-s ...
... to three days later the animal was reanesthetized and perfused with fixative. The tectum was then serially sectioned, with the plane of the sections being as close as possible to coronal. Each section was then split in the midsagittal plane, and each right half-section was set aside. The left half-s ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.