35 | the nervous system
... contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from multiple synapses and serves as a junction between the cell body and an axon. An axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. These terminals in turn s ...
... contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from multiple synapses and serves as a junction between the cell body and an axon. An axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. These terminals in turn s ...
lecture notes #4 membrane potentials
... 1. A positive feedback cycle opens the sodium channels 2. An action potential will not occur until the initial rise in membrane potential is great enough to create the positive feedback (THRESHOLD) a. A sudden rise in membrane potential of 15-30 mV is usually required (thus up to about 65 mV) b. Thi ...
... 1. A positive feedback cycle opens the sodium channels 2. An action potential will not occur until the initial rise in membrane potential is great enough to create the positive feedback (THRESHOLD) a. A sudden rise in membrane potential of 15-30 mV is usually required (thus up to about 65 mV) b. Thi ...
Alzheimer`s Disease review: targets for early intervention
... partially involved in excitotoxicity. NMDA are a class of glutamate-binding receptors that have been targeted for therapy. They are unique because their ion channels are blocked by Mg2+. Not only must glutamate bind to these receptors, but Mg2+ must be removed before positivelycharged ions can enter ...
... partially involved in excitotoxicity. NMDA are a class of glutamate-binding receptors that have been targeted for therapy. They are unique because their ion channels are blocked by Mg2+. Not only must glutamate bind to these receptors, but Mg2+ must be removed before positivelycharged ions can enter ...
Molecular anatomical investigation of the 2
... translates the extent of anterograde transmission into a retrograde feedback signal. Excess presynaptic activity activates perisynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors, which then leads to 2-AG production. The retrograde signal attenuates futher presynaptic transmitter release as a synaptic circuit ...
... translates the extent of anterograde transmission into a retrograde feedback signal. Excess presynaptic activity activates perisynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors, which then leads to 2-AG production. The retrograde signal attenuates futher presynaptic transmitter release as a synaptic circuit ...
Five Essential Components to the Reflex Arc
... damaged facial nerve can not easily taste sweet, sour, or salty substances. The sense of taste runs along with this nerve. • It also supplies parasympathetic innervation to most salivary glands, causing them to secrete saliva. • BELL’S PALSY is damage of the facial nerve causing paralysis on one sid ...
... damaged facial nerve can not easily taste sweet, sour, or salty substances. The sense of taste runs along with this nerve. • It also supplies parasympathetic innervation to most salivary glands, causing them to secrete saliva. • BELL’S PALSY is damage of the facial nerve causing paralysis on one sid ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP or LTD (Fig. 2a–c ). In other cases, synaptic plasticity depends on the relative ...
... induced if this difference grows too large. In some cases, the sign of the time difference (that is, whether the presynaptic spike precedes or follows the postsynaptic spike) determines whether the protocol induces LTP or LTD (Fig. 2a–c ). In other cases, synaptic plasticity depends on the relative ...
Chapter 13 - Martini
... transversely • Divided into three funiculi (columns) – posterior, lateral, and anterior • Each funiculus contains several fiber tracks – Fiber tract names reveal their origin and destination – Fiber tracts are composed of axons with similar functions ...
... transversely • Divided into three funiculi (columns) – posterior, lateral, and anterior • Each funiculus contains several fiber tracks – Fiber tract names reveal their origin and destination – Fiber tracts are composed of axons with similar functions ...
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
... Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postg ...
... Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postg ...
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
... Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postg ...
... Postganglionic Neurons in the Sympathetic Division • An axon may synapse with postganglionic neurons in the ganglion it first reaches or • Sympathetic chains or • An axon may continue, without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion to end at a prevertebral ganglion and synapse with postg ...
The NeuronDoctrine: A Revision of Functional
... new concepts that take iinto account the great amount of anatomical and physiological work of recent years. Among these sttudies, the findings of synapses betweeni (lendrites of nerve cells are of partictular interest (reviewe(d in 4). Tlle reports are by now sufficiently numerous and well-documente ...
... new concepts that take iinto account the great amount of anatomical and physiological work of recent years. Among these sttudies, the findings of synapses betweeni (lendrites of nerve cells are of partictular interest (reviewe(d in 4). Tlle reports are by now sufficiently numerous and well-documente ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 34.1 Somatic and autonomic styles of
... spinal reflexes and also project to higher autonomic and somatic sites, respectively, in the brain (A). Although visceral and somatic afferents follow similar trajectories, more detailed analyses indicate the two types of afferents end in distinctly different distributions and densities within the s ...
... spinal reflexes and also project to higher autonomic and somatic sites, respectively, in the brain (A). Although visceral and somatic afferents follow similar trajectories, more detailed analyses indicate the two types of afferents end in distinctly different distributions and densities within the s ...
Nervous system Lab - Sonoma Valley High School
... Describe three factors that determine the speed of the impulse along a neuron. Explain how size of the nerve fiber determines speed and which size is myelinated and which is not. ...
... Describe three factors that determine the speed of the impulse along a neuron. Explain how size of the nerve fiber determines speed and which size is myelinated and which is not. ...
Chapter 13
... – Most violent form of dyskinesia (movement disorder) – Usually associated with lesions in the sub-thalamic nucleus (which regulates the globus pallidus) – Hemiballism: unilateral ballism (e.g. unilateral stroke) – Can be treated with dopamine blockade or resection of GP. ...
... – Most violent form of dyskinesia (movement disorder) – Usually associated with lesions in the sub-thalamic nucleus (which regulates the globus pallidus) – Hemiballism: unilateral ballism (e.g. unilateral stroke) – Can be treated with dopamine blockade or resection of GP. ...
Disease/Pathophysiology Epidemiology Signs and Symptoms
... -Degenerative neuromuscular dz affecting both UMN and LMN - only MOTOR neurons affected -Familial: genetically transmitted -Sporadic (90%): idiopathic, elevated levels of glutamate in serum and CSF nerve cell degeneration, grouped muscle atrophy ...
... -Degenerative neuromuscular dz affecting both UMN and LMN - only MOTOR neurons affected -Familial: genetically transmitted -Sporadic (90%): idiopathic, elevated levels of glutamate in serum and CSF nerve cell degeneration, grouped muscle atrophy ...
Psychobiology Neurons= transmit information, human brain has 86
... Soma/ cell body= protects nucleus, phospholipid bilayer maintains negative charge ...
... Soma/ cell body= protects nucleus, phospholipid bilayer maintains negative charge ...
Spinal Nerves Posterior View
... – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
... – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
Spinal Nerves Posterior View
... – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
... – sympathetic causes vasoconstriction. Reduced sympathetic response accounts for most vasodilation. – parasympathetic causes some vasodilation (e.g., penis) ...
Reflex arc ppt - bananateachersworld
... One neurone releases the chemical into the gap. The chemical diffuses across the gap and makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal. ...
... One neurone releases the chemical into the gap. The chemical diffuses across the gap and makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal. ...
Sensory Receptors
... Carry sensory information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs Three major somatic sensory pathways The spinothalamic pathway (provides conscious sensations of poorly localized (“crude”) touch, pressure, pain and temperature) The posterior column pathway (carries sen ...
... Carry sensory information from the skin and musculature of the body wall, head, neck, and limbs Three major somatic sensory pathways The spinothalamic pathway (provides conscious sensations of poorly localized (“crude”) touch, pressure, pain and temperature) The posterior column pathway (carries sen ...
doc GIT
... esophagus regions is diff. both by vagus nerve. In striated region, the innervation is direct (somatic vagal fibers release ACh which acts on nicotinic receptor). The smooth muscle indirect innervation. It synapses w/ enteric neurons, which will then act on the muscular cells. ...
... esophagus regions is diff. both by vagus nerve. In striated region, the innervation is direct (somatic vagal fibers release ACh which acts on nicotinic receptor). The smooth muscle indirect innervation. It synapses w/ enteric neurons, which will then act on the muscular cells. ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.