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... 2005). The electrophysiological function of 5-HT was examined in olfactory system. For example, via 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT was reported to inhibit the neuronal excitability of the entorhinal cortex in the superficial layers by activating the TWIK-1 type of the two-pore domain K+ channels (Deng et al ...
... 2005). The electrophysiological function of 5-HT was examined in olfactory system. For example, via 5-HT1A receptors, 5-HT was reported to inhibit the neuronal excitability of the entorhinal cortex in the superficial layers by activating the TWIK-1 type of the two-pore domain K+ channels (Deng et al ...
Sensory Systems in the Control of Movement
... Figure 1 Ensemble cycle averages of the firing of γs and γd motoneurons (A and B), recorded in the common peroneal nerve innervating the ankle flexor tibialis anterior (TA) during spontaneous locomotion in the high decerebrate cat. (A) Three simultaneously recorded γs motoneurons in two cats (panels ...
... Figure 1 Ensemble cycle averages of the firing of γs and γd motoneurons (A and B), recorded in the common peroneal nerve innervating the ankle flexor tibialis anterior (TA) during spontaneous locomotion in the high decerebrate cat. (A) Three simultaneously recorded γs motoneurons in two cats (panels ...
innervation of the ventral diaphragm of the locust
... The ventral diaphragm of Locusta migratoria consists of a single layer of flat muscle fibres up to \oo/im broad and 10 /im thick which run transversely across the abdomen. Muscle fibres give off side branches, which make connexions with fibres lying parallel (Fig. 2 a). In addition, they are connect ...
... The ventral diaphragm of Locusta migratoria consists of a single layer of flat muscle fibres up to \oo/im broad and 10 /im thick which run transversely across the abdomen. Muscle fibres give off side branches, which make connexions with fibres lying parallel (Fig. 2 a). In addition, they are connect ...
Cranial Nerves
... number, their major functions, and the site of their connection with the brain 2. Describe the control of eye movements 3. Describe the control of the eye, including pupillary, consensual and accommodation reflexes 4. Describe the motor and/or sensory functions of the cranial nerves ...
... number, their major functions, and the site of their connection with the brain 2. Describe the control of eye movements 3. Describe the control of the eye, including pupillary, consensual and accommodation reflexes 4. Describe the motor and/or sensory functions of the cranial nerves ...
Slide 1
... activate opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala via direct actions on interneurons. Opioids facilitate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens via an action either in the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens (but also are hypothesized to a ...
... activate opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala via direct actions on interneurons. Opioids facilitate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens via an action either in the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens (but also are hypothesized to a ...
chapter 12 - cerebellum
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
... Function of Cerebellum Error Control Device - Monitor, Quality Control – Monitors outputs to muscles from motor cortex and sensory signals from receptors – Compares the efferent project plan with execution at motor action site – Considers related factors and makes adjustments ...
Fifty years of CPGs: two neuroethological papers that shaped BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
... M. Hughes, visiting from Cambridge, found that the deafferented crayfish abdominal nerve cord sometimes continued to produce coordinated bursts of spikes in motor axons that innervated different swimmerets (Hughes and Wiersma, 1960), a motor pattern that drives coordinated swimmeret beating during n ...
... M. Hughes, visiting from Cambridge, found that the deafferented crayfish abdominal nerve cord sometimes continued to produce coordinated bursts of spikes in motor axons that innervated different swimmerets (Hughes and Wiersma, 1960), a motor pattern that drives coordinated swimmeret beating during n ...
Lecture 1
... Myelinated axons: sheath of Schwann and myelin sheath one Schwann cell myelinates a single axon multiple Schwann cells needed to cover entire length of an axon ...
... Myelinated axons: sheath of Schwann and myelin sheath one Schwann cell myelinates a single axon multiple Schwann cells needed to cover entire length of an axon ...
Copy of the full paper
... from studies of small circuits and their plasticity that generalizes to larger and more complex circuits in higher animals and humans? (1) Alterations in circuit function are often achieved by modifications of both intrinsic and synaptic properties. For example, in the pyloric rhythm of the lobster ...
... from studies of small circuits and their plasticity that generalizes to larger and more complex circuits in higher animals and humans? (1) Alterations in circuit function are often achieved by modifications of both intrinsic and synaptic properties. For example, in the pyloric rhythm of the lobster ...
reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode
... neurons. The DE21 neuron synapses onto the next three posterior VI neurons. A weak response of the VI:,, neuron was revealed by signal averaging techniques in two of five experiments. No interaction with the VI& was observed. The diagram on the left shows the array of commissures in the first three ...
... neurons. The DE21 neuron synapses onto the next three posterior VI neurons. A weak response of the VI:,, neuron was revealed by signal averaging techniques in two of five experiments. No interaction with the VI& was observed. The diagram on the left shows the array of commissures in the first three ...
Document
... • Substances synthesized or recycled in the neuron cell body are needed in the axon or at the axon terminals. Two types of transport systems carry materials from the cell body to the axon terminals and back. – Slow axonal transport conveys axoplasm in one direction only – from the cell body toward t ...
... • Substances synthesized or recycled in the neuron cell body are needed in the axon or at the axon terminals. Two types of transport systems carry materials from the cell body to the axon terminals and back. – Slow axonal transport conveys axoplasm in one direction only – from the cell body toward t ...
CHAPTER 48 NEURONS, SYNAPSES, AND SIGNALING Learning
... 12. Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated ion channels in this process. 13. Define the refractory period. 14. Explain how an action potential is propagated along an axon. 15. Explain why the action potential cannot travel back toward the cell body. 16 ...
... 12. Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated ion channels in this process. 13. Define the refractory period. 14. Explain how an action potential is propagated along an axon. 15. Explain why the action potential cannot travel back toward the cell body. 16 ...
1) Discuss if NOCICEPTORS are real. 2) Describe the distribution of
... My Problem (cont.) – Bias in science From “Evolutionary aspect of Pain” by ET Walters Additional species, including snails (Malyshev, A. Y. and Balaban, P. M., 2002) and lampreys (Christenson, J. et al., 1988) have mechanosensory neurons that are likely to be nociceptive, despite their relatively ...
... My Problem (cont.) – Bias in science From “Evolutionary aspect of Pain” by ET Walters Additional species, including snails (Malyshev, A. Y. and Balaban, P. M., 2002) and lampreys (Christenson, J. et al., 1988) have mechanosensory neurons that are likely to be nociceptive, despite their relatively ...
Dscam and DSCAM: complex genes in simple animals, complex
... PCR-based expression analysis of same-type neurons or single cells (Hummel et al. 2003; Neves et al. 2004; Zhan et al. 2004). These experiments showed that photoreceptor, olfactory, or mushroom body neurons express broad yet distinctive sets of Dscam splice forms. Moreover, single-cell analysis reve ...
... PCR-based expression analysis of same-type neurons or single cells (Hummel et al. 2003; Neves et al. 2004; Zhan et al. 2004). These experiments showed that photoreceptor, olfactory, or mushroom body neurons express broad yet distinctive sets of Dscam splice forms. Moreover, single-cell analysis reve ...
Abnormal Neurotransmitter Release Underlying Behavioral and
... the onset and rapid decline of elementary cognitive abilities is due in part to the decline in cholinergic neurotransmission (Mesulam, 2004; Sarter and Bruno, 2004). Although information concerning the status of cholinergic neurotransmission, including the capacity of the crucial choline transporter ...
... the onset and rapid decline of elementary cognitive abilities is due in part to the decline in cholinergic neurotransmission (Mesulam, 2004; Sarter and Bruno, 2004). Although information concerning the status of cholinergic neurotransmission, including the capacity of the crucial choline transporter ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... All work presented within this thesis represents the collective effort of many wonderful minds. Some of those minds have contributed to this thesis directly, with ideas, technical assistance, or by helping with the write-up. Others have helped through less direct means, such as by motivating, inspir ...
... All work presented within this thesis represents the collective effort of many wonderful minds. Some of those minds have contributed to this thesis directly, with ideas, technical assistance, or by helping with the write-up. Others have helped through less direct means, such as by motivating, inspir ...
Chapter 20
... 1. Based on the neurotransmitter they release, autonomic neurons are classified as either cholinergic or adrenergic; the neurotransmitter receptors are integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron or effector cell. 2. Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors: i. Cholinergic ...
... 1. Based on the neurotransmitter they release, autonomic neurons are classified as either cholinergic or adrenergic; the neurotransmitter receptors are integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron or effector cell. 2. Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors: i. Cholinergic ...
Nervous communication
... 1.An impulse starts in a receptor 2.then is transmitted to a sensory neurone 3.then to a relay neurone in the brain or spine, 4.then to a motor neurone 5.and finally to an effector for a rapid response ...
... 1.An impulse starts in a receptor 2.then is transmitted to a sensory neurone 3.then to a relay neurone in the brain or spine, 4.then to a motor neurone 5.and finally to an effector for a rapid response ...
Lactate Receptor Sites Link Neurotransmission
... 10 min. The brains were gently removed and stored in the fixative at 4 °C until use. Prior to sectioning, the brains were rinsed in NaPi and cryoprotected by sequential immersion in a 10% (2 h), 20% (3 h), and 30% (overnight) sucrose in NaPi solution. Sagittal brain sections were cut at 40 µm thickne ...
... 10 min. The brains were gently removed and stored in the fixative at 4 °C until use. Prior to sectioning, the brains were rinsed in NaPi and cryoprotected by sequential immersion in a 10% (2 h), 20% (3 h), and 30% (overnight) sucrose in NaPi solution. Sagittal brain sections were cut at 40 µm thickne ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.