Interactions, Chronic Effects & Nonspecific Factors
... drugs have opposing effects Additive effects drugs have same effects Potentiation synergistic greater than expected by individual drug effects ~ ...
... drugs have opposing effects Additive effects drugs have same effects Potentiation synergistic greater than expected by individual drug effects ~ ...
Understanding Drug Labels
... • These initials are placed after the generic drug name – be careful not to confuse a drug form like SR – sustained release ...
... • These initials are placed after the generic drug name – be careful not to confuse a drug form like SR – sustained release ...
2-GENERAL PRINCIPLES FINAL
... iv. Establish a foundation on which to build a rational approach to the use of drugs in clinical practice v. Develop a foundation to effectively use the medical literature to evaluate new drugs in the context of evidence-based medical practice ...
... iv. Establish a foundation on which to build a rational approach to the use of drugs in clinical practice v. Develop a foundation to effectively use the medical literature to evaluate new drugs in the context of evidence-based medical practice ...
Specific ADRs
... • V is the major determinant of the loading dose • Loading dose = (V) (C) (S) (F) ...
... • V is the major determinant of the loading dose • Loading dose = (V) (C) (S) (F) ...
a) - WordPress.com
... Tour the pharmacy department and all other areas in the hospital where pharmacists are located Tour the main areas of the hospital, noting where any drug distribution system areas are located If possible, tour other regional hospitals to observe different drug distribution systems Complete the gener ...
... Tour the pharmacy department and all other areas in the hospital where pharmacists are located Tour the main areas of the hospital, noting where any drug distribution system areas are located If possible, tour other regional hospitals to observe different drug distribution systems Complete the gener ...
Introduction to the course Clinical Pharmacy
... Drug tolerance occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger doses must be given to produce the same effects. Tolerance may be acquired to the pharmacologic action of many drugs, especially opioid analgesics, alcohol, and other CNS depressants. Tolerance to ph ...
... Drug tolerance occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger doses must be given to produce the same effects. Tolerance may be acquired to the pharmacologic action of many drugs, especially opioid analgesics, alcohol, and other CNS depressants. Tolerance to ph ...
Data, Data Everywhere
... is made for single source drugs and biologics as required by the MMA. • For the purposes of identifying “single source drugs” and “biological products” subject to payment under section 1847A, generally CMS will utilize a multi-step process. CMS will consider: – • The FDA approval, – • Therapeutic eq ...
... is made for single source drugs and biologics as required by the MMA. • For the purposes of identifying “single source drugs” and “biological products” subject to payment under section 1847A, generally CMS will utilize a multi-step process. CMS will consider: – • The FDA approval, – • Therapeutic eq ...
Ecstasy - IrishHealth
... These can include insomnia, lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. Although it does not on its own produce major hallucinogenic effects this may happen if it is mixed (or ‘cut’) with other substances such as Ketamine (an anaesthetic) . Other effects may include psychiatric problems such as depression, ...
... These can include insomnia, lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. Although it does not on its own produce major hallucinogenic effects this may happen if it is mixed (or ‘cut’) with other substances such as Ketamine (an anaesthetic) . Other effects may include psychiatric problems such as depression, ...
A1986A667000002
... finding of decreased drug metabolism in adrenalectomized animals, which could 3be reversed by administration of glucocorticoids. led me to the theory that adrenal hormones should stimulate the drug-metabolizing enzymes. My later experiments in which I showed that phenobarbital exerts its action in r ...
... finding of decreased drug metabolism in adrenalectomized animals, which could 3be reversed by administration of glucocorticoids. led me to the theory that adrenal hormones should stimulate the drug-metabolizing enzymes. My later experiments in which I showed that phenobarbital exerts its action in r ...
Pharmacokinetic drug interaction
... gastric conditions in the stomach ,Drugs that increase gastric pH (e.g.,H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors) slow the dissolution of the solid dosage forms and decrease drug available for absorption in the gastric lumen. GIT motility: Drugs that increase gastric emptying or intestinal motility, s ...
... gastric conditions in the stomach ,Drugs that increase gastric pH (e.g.,H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors) slow the dissolution of the solid dosage forms and decrease drug available for absorption in the gastric lumen. GIT motility: Drugs that increase gastric emptying or intestinal motility, s ...
Dose-response relationship - National Tsing Hua University
... dose-toxicity relationship“all substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and remedy” • Dose-related and Non-dose related • genetic makeup, age, underlying pathology, status of immune system. ...
... dose-toxicity relationship“all substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and remedy” • Dose-related and Non-dose related • genetic makeup, age, underlying pathology, status of immune system. ...
Study guide for Unit I - People Server at UNCW
... 14. How is brain damage assessed? Consider the various ways of imaging the brain. ...
... 14. How is brain damage assessed? Consider the various ways of imaging the brain. ...
Drug trace evidence on banknotes Norman Fenton, July 2011
... Answer (according to ‘standard’ approaches): Yes, as there is a less than 1% chance that a randomly selected note in the possession of a non drug user/dealer will have more than 55 units of cocaine. ...
... Answer (according to ‘standard’ approaches): Yes, as there is a less than 1% chance that a randomly selected note in the possession of a non drug user/dealer will have more than 55 units of cocaine. ...
DavidsonX – D001x – Medicinal Chemistry Chapter 1
... oversee fully the safety and effectiveness of drugs in the United States. Laws alone cannot guarantee drug safety. Several factors complicate the job of the job of the FDA. 1. Medical knowledge is expanding and growing more complex. What is known to be safe today may be found to be unsafe tomorrow. ...
... oversee fully the safety and effectiveness of drugs in the United States. Laws alone cannot guarantee drug safety. Several factors complicate the job of the job of the FDA. 1. Medical knowledge is expanding and growing more complex. What is known to be safe today may be found to be unsafe tomorrow. ...
Pharmacokinetics_200..
... Parenteral administration Types of parenteral administration: – Intravascular: Intravenous (IV) or intraarterial (IA; rarely) • Advantage - most control over dose administered (no absorption phase, no first-pass effect – bioavailability 100%) • Disadvantage – invasive, uncomfortable, risk of intr ...
... Parenteral administration Types of parenteral administration: – Intravascular: Intravenous (IV) or intraarterial (IA; rarely) • Advantage - most control over dose administered (no absorption phase, no first-pass effect – bioavailability 100%) • Disadvantage – invasive, uncomfortable, risk of intr ...
9-13-04 Factors Affecting Action of Drugs
... • Increases the polarity of the drug even more • Phase II is not dependent on phase I although often happens after I ...
... • Increases the polarity of the drug even more • Phase II is not dependent on phase I although often happens after I ...
Psychopharmacology Dr. Sujit Kumar kar
... function of certain bodily cells when taken in relatively low doses (chemical is not required for normal cellular functioning) ...
... function of certain bodily cells when taken in relatively low doses (chemical is not required for normal cellular functioning) ...
Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault
... Female wakes up 1 – 12 hours later in her car in her home next to a stranger in unfamiliar ...
... Female wakes up 1 – 12 hours later in her car in her home next to a stranger in unfamiliar ...
week2pm
... ◦ Distribution half-life: the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be distributed throughout the body ◦ Therapeutic level: the minimum amount of the distributed drug necessary for the main effect. ...
... ◦ Distribution half-life: the amount of time it takes for half of the drug to be distributed throughout the body ◦ Therapeutic level: the minimum amount of the distributed drug necessary for the main effect. ...
Remediation Pharmacology Unit Exam Name: Score:____/75 Which
... d. Increased heart rate 26. Which of the following definitions describe an antagonist? A. A chemical or drug that binds to a receptor and creates an effect on the body B. A chemical or drug that binds to a receptor but does not create an effect on the body; it actually blocks the receptor site C. An ...
... d. Increased heart rate 26. Which of the following definitions describe an antagonist? A. A chemical or drug that binds to a receptor and creates an effect on the body B. A chemical or drug that binds to a receptor but does not create an effect on the body; it actually blocks the receptor site C. An ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.