![dose-response and dose-effect relationships](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/001562102_1-582f791aff3965493c14631a7cd2fcdc-300x300.png)
dose-response and dose-effect relationships
... The graph of the relation between dose and the proportion of individuals responding with an all-or-none effect; it is essentially the graph of the probability of an occurrence (or the proportion of a population exhibiting an effect) against dose. Typical examples of such all-or-none effects are mort ...
... The graph of the relation between dose and the proportion of individuals responding with an all-or-none effect; it is essentially the graph of the probability of an occurrence (or the proportion of a population exhibiting an effect) against dose. Typical examples of such all-or-none effects are mort ...
Pharmacokinetics
... extra layer of cells surrounding them (glial cells). However, fever/inflammation can make the membrane more permeable to other drugs ...
... extra layer of cells surrounding them (glial cells). However, fever/inflammation can make the membrane more permeable to other drugs ...
HEALTH MATHS TASK IDEAS
... 12. Blood Typing Unit—students first a statistical analysis of their own class’ results; they are then asked to make predictions of the whole population based on class results; example—what percent of the population would have O-Neg., etc.; this activity also uses number sense (fractions, decimals, ...
... 12. Blood Typing Unit—students first a statistical analysis of their own class’ results; they are then asked to make predictions of the whole population based on class results; example—what percent of the population would have O-Neg., etc.; this activity also uses number sense (fractions, decimals, ...
6.2 notes
... – Synthesized in labs rather than found in nature – Quick tolerance and dependence – Amphetamine psychosis • Causes user to become delusional ...
... – Synthesized in labs rather than found in nature – Quick tolerance and dependence – Amphetamine psychosis • Causes user to become delusional ...
Why is it important to consider the route of
... route of administration of the drug? Where (anatomically) are the effects of the drug desired (locally or systemically)? Are there side effects of the drug? The route of administration that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug ...
... route of administration of the drug? Where (anatomically) are the effects of the drug desired (locally or systemically)? Are there side effects of the drug? The route of administration that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug ...
DRUGS - PBworks
... READ 252 -254 The act reflects an effort to decrease the prevalence of clandestine drug laboratories designed to manufacture controlled substances Regulates the manufacture and distribution of precursors, the chemical compounds used by clandestine drug labs to synthesize drugs or abuse ...
... READ 252 -254 The act reflects an effort to decrease the prevalence of clandestine drug laboratories designed to manufacture controlled substances Regulates the manufacture and distribution of precursors, the chemical compounds used by clandestine drug labs to synthesize drugs or abuse ...
Sites of drug metabolism
... Drug metabolism is the term used to describe the biotransformation of pharmaceutical substances in the body so that they can be eliminated more easily. Drug metabolism often converts lipophilic chemical compound into more readily excreted polar products. ...
... Drug metabolism is the term used to describe the biotransformation of pharmaceutical substances in the body so that they can be eliminated more easily. Drug metabolism often converts lipophilic chemical compound into more readily excreted polar products. ...
Psychopharmacology
... Sites of action - located on or in particular cells in the central nervous system One of the factors determining the rate at which the drug that is present in the bloodstream reaches sites of action within the brain is lipid solubility All are eventually excreted – primarily by the kidneys Enzymatic ...
... Sites of action - located on or in particular cells in the central nervous system One of the factors determining the rate at which the drug that is present in the bloodstream reaches sites of action within the brain is lipid solubility All are eventually excreted – primarily by the kidneys Enzymatic ...
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
... For the healthcare consumer, most of these genetic differences have an effect on (1) drug metabolism (pharmacokinetics) or (2) drug action (pharmacodynamics). Personalized Medicine involves understanding how some genetic markers impact drug safety and efficacy, and PREDICTING how a patient will resp ...
... For the healthcare consumer, most of these genetic differences have an effect on (1) drug metabolism (pharmacokinetics) or (2) drug action (pharmacodynamics). Personalized Medicine involves understanding how some genetic markers impact drug safety and efficacy, and PREDICTING how a patient will resp ...
Virtual Screening in Drug Discovery: an Overview
... (potency) (2) have minimal off-target binding (side effects/toxicity) (3 ) can get to the target site and can be removed from the body by metabolism and excretion pathways. (ADME properties) ...
... (potency) (2) have minimal off-target binding (side effects/toxicity) (3 ) can get to the target site and can be removed from the body by metabolism and excretion pathways. (ADME properties) ...
ABUSE-DETERRENT PRODUCTS
... designs or the method of drug delivery can offer resistance to abuse. For example, sustained-release depot injectable formulation or a subcutaneous implant may be difficult to manipulate. ...
... designs or the method of drug delivery can offer resistance to abuse. For example, sustained-release depot injectable formulation or a subcutaneous implant may be difficult to manipulate. ...
DRUG
... metabolism of a drug when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation. • The greater the first-pass effect, the less the agent will reach the systemic circulation when the agent is administered ...
... metabolism of a drug when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation. • The greater the first-pass effect, the less the agent will reach the systemic circulation when the agent is administered ...
1 - contentextra
... Retroviris A virus, such as HIV, which carries its genetic information in the form of RNA rather ...
... Retroviris A virus, such as HIV, which carries its genetic information in the form of RNA rather ...
Food and Drug Interactions
... • ADME – Absorption • Involves how the drug dissolves and is released in GI ...
... • ADME – Absorption • Involves how the drug dissolves and is released in GI ...
MIDW 125 Math Review and Equation Sheet
... - uses the base ‘e’ where e is an irrational constant equal to 2.718 - there are several (very complicated) ways to calculate ‘e’. For your purposes what is important is that you know the series of buttons to push on your calculator to get the 2.718 result. This involves taking the anti‐natural ...
... - uses the base ‘e’ where e is an irrational constant equal to 2.718 - there are several (very complicated) ways to calculate ‘e’. For your purposes what is important is that you know the series of buttons to push on your calculator to get the 2.718 result. This involves taking the anti‐natural ...
HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA CONVENTION OF THE
... working relationship with FDA, the organization does not ordinarily take public positions on particular products. The facts of this matter, however, compel us to offer the following comments. As has been noted by other commenters in these dockets, see, e.g., the March 21, 2003 comments filed on beha ...
... working relationship with FDA, the organization does not ordinarily take public positions on particular products. The facts of this matter, however, compel us to offer the following comments. As has been noted by other commenters in these dockets, see, e.g., the March 21, 2003 comments filed on beha ...
Slide ()
... 100 subjects, and the effective plasma concentration that produced a quantal response was determined for each individual. The number of subjects who required each dose was plotted, giving a log-normal frequency distribution (purple bars). The normal frequency distribution, when summated, yields the ...
... 100 subjects, and the effective plasma concentration that produced a quantal response was determined for each individual. The number of subjects who required each dose was plotted, giving a log-normal frequency distribution (purple bars). The normal frequency distribution, when summated, yields the ...
Risk List—DuPont Merck
... The drugs used in this study may have side effects, some of which are listed below. Please note that these lists do not include all the side effects seen with these drugs. These lists include the more serious or common side effects with a known or possible relationship. If you have questions concern ...
... The drugs used in this study may have side effects, some of which are listed below. Please note that these lists do not include all the side effects seen with these drugs. These lists include the more serious or common side effects with a known or possible relationship. If you have questions concern ...
BP 404 T. PHARMACOLOGY-I (Theory)
... Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorp ...
... Scope: The main purpose of the subject is to understand what drugs do to the living organisms and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics. The subject covers the information about the drugs like, mechanism of action, physiological and biochemical effects (pharmacodynamics) as well as absorp ...
IV drug compatibilities based on the pH
... could alter the pH to acidic or basic depending on the solution buffer capacity. • Normal Saline (NS) and Dextrose 5% in water (D5W) solutions have low buffer capacity, so that the solution will turn acidic with the admixture of an acidic medication, and it will turn basic with the admixture of a ba ...
... could alter the pH to acidic or basic depending on the solution buffer capacity. • Normal Saline (NS) and Dextrose 5% in water (D5W) solutions have low buffer capacity, so that the solution will turn acidic with the admixture of an acidic medication, and it will turn basic with the admixture of a ba ...
Soft Drug
... approach, which uses information about the structure of a drug receptor or one of its natural ligands to identify or create candidate drugs. • The three-dimensional structure of a protein can be determined using methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance ...
... approach, which uses information about the structure of a drug receptor or one of its natural ligands to identify or create candidate drugs. • The three-dimensional structure of a protein can be determined using methods such as X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance ...
Geriatric Drug-Drug Interactions
... • Optimal doses/concentrations not defined; • Some patients respond to low concentrations, e.g. of lithium. • Patients with dementia, and mild cognitive impairments, may have slower/attenuated benefit and greater neurocognitive side effects. ...
... • Optimal doses/concentrations not defined; • Some patients respond to low concentrations, e.g. of lithium. • Patients with dementia, and mild cognitive impairments, may have slower/attenuated benefit and greater neurocognitive side effects. ...
Pharmacokinetics
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gráfica_Km.png?width=300)
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.