1293-Ahmad-_b
... A search in FDA’s AERS database to identify additional cases of AP in association with exenatide and other antidiabetics Reporting rate was compared with the RR of comparator antidiabetics Reporting rates are typically based on case counts divided by some measure of drug’s utilization If reporting r ...
... A search in FDA’s AERS database to identify additional cases of AP in association with exenatide and other antidiabetics Reporting rate was compared with the RR of comparator antidiabetics Reporting rates are typically based on case counts divided by some measure of drug’s utilization If reporting r ...
Module 13: Drug Abuse Prevention Drugs: Any chemical or
... – Describe the New DARE program “Take Charge of Your Life” – Focuses on first changing the attitudes and beliefs of adolescents regarding substance use and eventually substance use behavior itself. • New D.A.R.E. curricula – High-tech, interactive, and decision model- based approaches – Officers are ...
... – Describe the New DARE program “Take Charge of Your Life” – Focuses on first changing the attitudes and beliefs of adolescents regarding substance use and eventually substance use behavior itself. • New D.A.R.E. curricula – High-tech, interactive, and decision model- based approaches – Officers are ...
Basic pharmacology
... The drugs have no effect on each other Antagonism - the combination results in a lower response than when either is given on its own Potentiation - the response rate of the two drugs when combined is more than the sum of their ...
... The drugs have no effect on each other Antagonism - the combination results in a lower response than when either is given on its own Potentiation - the response rate of the two drugs when combined is more than the sum of their ...
Drug - NLE
... rash hives difficulty breathing or swallowing pale skin fever confusion blurred vision changes in color vision Diclofenac may cause other side effects. Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this medication. ...
... rash hives difficulty breathing or swallowing pale skin fever confusion blurred vision changes in color vision Diclofenac may cause other side effects. Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this medication. ...
factors modifying drug dose-response relationship
... ● Increased body fat- reduces plasma levels of lipid soluble drugs ● Decreased total body water- increases concentration of water soluble drugs and intensity of response ● Reduced concentration of serum albuminmalnourishment decreases albumin and results in increased drug levels ...
... ● Increased body fat- reduces plasma levels of lipid soluble drugs ● Decreased total body water- increases concentration of water soluble drugs and intensity of response ● Reduced concentration of serum albuminmalnourishment decreases albumin and results in increased drug levels ...
prodrug concept PPT
... Such pro-drugs are designed to ensure that the release of the active drug only occurs at its site of action thereby reducing toxic side-effects due to high plasma ...
... Such pro-drugs are designed to ensure that the release of the active drug only occurs at its site of action thereby reducing toxic side-effects due to high plasma ...
Drug Misuse, Abuse and Addiction
... Have you ever heard people say they were “addicted” to something –TV show, food, or activity –? ...
... Have you ever heard people say they were “addicted” to something –TV show, food, or activity –? ...
Routes of drug Adminstration
... • The first-pass effect Is the term used for the hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation. The greater the first-pass effect, the less the agent will reach the systemic circulation when the agent is administe ...
... • The first-pass effect Is the term used for the hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation. The greater the first-pass effect, the less the agent will reach the systemic circulation when the agent is administe ...
Chapter 8 GI Drugs Quiz Yourself 1. H2 receptors are special
... vertigo to show that the therapeutic effect of this drug is to prevent the symptoms of nausea and vomiting from vertigo. In the trade name Asacol, the Asa- refers to the drug 5-ASA, and col refers to colon, the site of the drug’s effect. The trade name Pepto-Bismol refers to the anatomic adjective p ...
... vertigo to show that the therapeutic effect of this drug is to prevent the symptoms of nausea and vomiting from vertigo. In the trade name Asacol, the Asa- refers to the drug 5-ASA, and col refers to colon, the site of the drug’s effect. The trade name Pepto-Bismol refers to the anatomic adjective p ...
adopted textbook form - West Hills Community College District
... ability to absorb water-soluble drugs, necessitating dosages of oral and some parenteral drugs that are proportionally higher than those given to persons of larger size. Childrenage 1 to 12 years-metabolize drugs more readily than adults, which necessitates higher dosages. Both infants and children, ...
... ability to absorb water-soluble drugs, necessitating dosages of oral and some parenteral drugs that are proportionally higher than those given to persons of larger size. Childrenage 1 to 12 years-metabolize drugs more readily than adults, which necessitates higher dosages. Both infants and children, ...
Module Three Pharmacology, Medical and Pharmacy Abbreviations
... i. Absorption - This is the process in which a drug is taken up from the site of administration and is transported to the blood stream. This occurs orally, rectally, intravenously, topically, or by inhalation. ii. Distribution – This is the process where a drug is delivered to specific organs and ti ...
... i. Absorption - This is the process in which a drug is taken up from the site of administration and is transported to the blood stream. This occurs orally, rectally, intravenously, topically, or by inhalation. ii. Distribution – This is the process where a drug is delivered to specific organs and ti ...
Adverse Drug Reactions
... “All health-care professionals have a responsibility to inform colleagues about clinically important adverse drug reactions that they detect, even if a wellrecognised or causal link is uncertain.” Edwards IR and Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000 ...
... “All health-care professionals have a responsibility to inform colleagues about clinically important adverse drug reactions that they detect, even if a wellrecognised or causal link is uncertain.” Edwards IR and Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000 ...
acetaminophen (paracetamol)
... Acetaminophen exhibits dose-dependent kinetics (first-order rate constant). Volume of distribution: approximately 0.75-1 l/kg [3]. Peak plasma concentration of acetaminophen is usually reached within 30 min - 4 hours post ingestion. The plasma half-life of acetaminophen is about 2-3 h at the therape ...
... Acetaminophen exhibits dose-dependent kinetics (first-order rate constant). Volume of distribution: approximately 0.75-1 l/kg [3]. Peak plasma concentration of acetaminophen is usually reached within 30 min - 4 hours post ingestion. The plasma half-life of acetaminophen is about 2-3 h at the therape ...
Low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension as an adverse
... Low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension were originally described mainly during treatment with low potency antipsychotics such as, for instance, chlorpromazine and thioridazine. These problems usually develop very early, often after the first dose of an antipsychotic. Orthostatic hypotension ...
... Low blood pressure and orthostatic hypotension were originally described mainly during treatment with low potency antipsychotics such as, for instance, chlorpromazine and thioridazine. These problems usually develop very early, often after the first dose of an antipsychotic. Orthostatic hypotension ...
Culture of Safety talking points
... extremely important to report. Safety data regarding these drugs often changes as they are used in more patients Absolute certainty is NOT required to report – If you highly suspect that the drug is related, you should report the reaction ADRs with OTC meds, dietary supplements, or herbals/alter ...
... extremely important to report. Safety data regarding these drugs often changes as they are used in more patients Absolute certainty is NOT required to report – If you highly suspect that the drug is related, you should report the reaction ADRs with OTC meds, dietary supplements, or herbals/alter ...
BSc in Medical Sciences with PHARMACOLOGY Course Director Dr
... Understand the importance of efflux proteins in the removal of drugs from their site of action. ...
... Understand the importance of efflux proteins in the removal of drugs from their site of action. ...
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology
... a. Commonly, drugs are administered repeatedly in order to maintain their therapeutic effects. In the simplest case, a maintenance dose (D) is given at a constant dosing interval (τ) – [note that this is not the same as the time constant, τ]. Since the route of administration may not be i.v., the am ...
... a. Commonly, drugs are administered repeatedly in order to maintain their therapeutic effects. In the simplest case, a maintenance dose (D) is given at a constant dosing interval (τ) – [note that this is not the same as the time constant, τ]. Since the route of administration may not be i.v., the am ...
Swiss Drug Delivery Firm Licenses Fast-Acting Diclofenac
... drug delivery, and ProEthic Pharmaceuticals Inc., announced today that APR has granted an exclusive license to ProEthic to develop and market two fast-acting formulations of diclofenac potassium in the U.S. and Canada. Diclofenac potassium, commonly referred to as an "NSAID" (non-steroidal antiinfla ...
... drug delivery, and ProEthic Pharmaceuticals Inc., announced today that APR has granted an exclusive license to ProEthic to develop and market two fast-acting formulations of diclofenac potassium in the U.S. and Canada. Diclofenac potassium, commonly referred to as an "NSAID" (non-steroidal antiinfla ...
Reading Material
... intravenously is equal to unity • Bioavailability of a compound administered as an oral, intramuscular, or subcutaneous formulation is assessed in relation to intravenous drug ...
... intravenously is equal to unity • Bioavailability of a compound administered as an oral, intramuscular, or subcutaneous formulation is assessed in relation to intravenous drug ...
Drug Handling in kidney and liver disease 2005
... • Toxicity relates to trough concentrations, particularly with prolonged therapy • Toxicity mainly affects the kidney and 8th ...
... • Toxicity relates to trough concentrations, particularly with prolonged therapy • Toxicity mainly affects the kidney and 8th ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.