ontwenningssyndromen JGZ
... • A teratogen is an agent that may have harmful effects on the developing fetus ...
... • A teratogen is an agent that may have harmful effects on the developing fetus ...
PHYSICIANS EXPECTATIONS TO PREVENT THE DRUG INTERACTIONS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE Research Article BHASKAR H.VAIDHUN
... high risk for drug interactions who also take drugs with a narrow therapeutic index should be monitored more closely for drug interactions, especially when a new drug is added or discontinued. Depending on the drugs in question, likely drug interactions will generally ...
... high risk for drug interactions who also take drugs with a narrow therapeutic index should be monitored more closely for drug interactions, especially when a new drug is added or discontinued. Depending on the drugs in question, likely drug interactions will generally ...
Potent Direct Vasodilators
... Blood pressure fall is accompanied by baroreceptor activation. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system together with compensatory increases in heart rate and contractility, tends to counteract the antihypertensive effects. ...
... Blood pressure fall is accompanied by baroreceptor activation. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system together with compensatory increases in heart rate and contractility, tends to counteract the antihypertensive effects. ...
Drug Excretion
... 1. Renal drug excretion: Kidney is the most important excretory organ for drugs & their metabolites. A. Glomerular filtration B. Active tubular secretion C. Tubular reabsorption: Passive or active. ...
... 1. Renal drug excretion: Kidney is the most important excretory organ for drugs & their metabolites. A. Glomerular filtration B. Active tubular secretion C. Tubular reabsorption: Passive or active. ...
Research and Development of Olopatadine hydrochloride, an
... attempted to reduce lipophilicity of an in-house lead compound in order to eliminate its CNS-related effects. Fortunately, the structural modifications provided a series of orally active compounds that showed retained antiallergic and reduced CNS-related effects in animal models. Further modificatio ...
... attempted to reduce lipophilicity of an in-house lead compound in order to eliminate its CNS-related effects. Fortunately, the structural modifications provided a series of orally active compounds that showed retained antiallergic and reduced CNS-related effects in animal models. Further modificatio ...
(CNS) Stimulant.
... evaluation, he disembarked from a ship by climbing down a mooring line while clasping a knife in his teeth. Witnesses said he ran down the pier without incident. His whereabouts for the next several hours were unknown. However, just prior to his arrest he was found naked in a local yacht club brandi ...
... evaluation, he disembarked from a ship by climbing down a mooring line while clasping a knife in his teeth. Witnesses said he ran down the pier without incident. His whereabouts for the next several hours were unknown. However, just prior to his arrest he was found naked in a local yacht club brandi ...
Drugs - fblocks
... • Technical advances allow scientists to alter a chemical with proven therapeutic effectiveness to make it better. • Sometimes, a small change in chemical’s structure can make that chemical more useful as a drug – more potent, more stable, less toxic. • These technological advance have led to the de ...
... • Technical advances allow scientists to alter a chemical with proven therapeutic effectiveness to make it better. • Sometimes, a small change in chemical’s structure can make that chemical more useful as a drug – more potent, more stable, less toxic. • These technological advance have led to the de ...
Does my study require an Investigational New Drug Application (IND
... constipation would need to be conducted under an IND. 4) Is food considered a drug? That depends. A food used as such (i.e., primarily for taste, aroma, or nutritive value) and not for therapeutic purpose or to affect the structure or function of the body, other than by providing nutrition, is not a ...
... constipation would need to be conducted under an IND. 4) Is food considered a drug? That depends. A food used as such (i.e., primarily for taste, aroma, or nutritive value) and not for therapeutic purpose or to affect the structure or function of the body, other than by providing nutrition, is not a ...
Presentation file
... Microparticles, 50 to 90% of the drug is in small microparticles with diameter of 1 to 10 μm. The dimeter depends on the preparation method and excipients (e.g., polymers) used. The microparticle increase the drug contact time from few minutes to several hours and provide for high and sustained conc ...
... Microparticles, 50 to 90% of the drug is in small microparticles with diameter of 1 to 10 μm. The dimeter depends on the preparation method and excipients (e.g., polymers) used. The microparticle increase the drug contact time from few minutes to several hours and provide for high and sustained conc ...
Preview Sample 1
... D. bioequivalent. ANS: D Two drugs absorbed into the circulation in the same amount (in specific dosage forms) have the same bioavailability; thus, they are bioequivalent. A drug’s steady state is the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of dru ...
... D. bioequivalent. ANS: D Two drugs absorbed into the circulation in the same amount (in specific dosage forms) have the same bioavailability; thus, they are bioequivalent. A drug’s steady state is the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of dru ...
β 3 - Faculty
... Also has NO synthase as an effector Upregulation in Disease Diverse tissue distribution Octopamine ...
... Also has NO synthase as an effector Upregulation in Disease Diverse tissue distribution Octopamine ...
Chapter 4
... Distribution of drugs within the body Several factors determine the rate at which a drug in the bloodstream reaches sites of action within the brain: Lipid solubility: BBB blocks only water-soluble molecules; thus, lipidsoluble molecules can pass into brain and distribute themselves Depot bi ...
... Distribution of drugs within the body Several factors determine the rate at which a drug in the bloodstream reaches sites of action within the brain: Lipid solubility: BBB blocks only water-soluble molecules; thus, lipidsoluble molecules can pass into brain and distribute themselves Depot bi ...
What do Medical Students need to know about
... Core Curriculum – Diseases • Code M - Diseases that students must know how to manage ( n= 67 ) • Code D - Diseases that students must know how to diagnose ( n = 158 ) • Code A - Diseases that students should be aware of ( for specialist care ) (n=36 ) ...
... Core Curriculum – Diseases • Code M - Diseases that students must know how to manage ( n= 67 ) • Code D - Diseases that students must know how to diagnose ( n = 158 ) • Code A - Diseases that students should be aware of ( for specialist care ) (n=36 ) ...
Drugs Review - Schoolwires
... Some drugs such as PCP, LSD can cause delayed effects - flashbacks and other mental problems, The most popular stimulant in the world is not cocaine - it is caffeine. ...
... Some drugs such as PCP, LSD can cause delayed effects - flashbacks and other mental problems, The most popular stimulant in the world is not cocaine - it is caffeine. ...
عرض تقديمي من PowerPoint
... Each drug has a trade name (name that the pharmaceutical company who made the drug uses). Drugs also have a generic name (chemical name not protected by a company's trademark), ...
... Each drug has a trade name (name that the pharmaceutical company who made the drug uses). Drugs also have a generic name (chemical name not protected by a company's trademark), ...
1 ml per nostril - Presence Health
... mucosa directly enter the CSF. Offers a rapid, direct route for drug delivery to the brain (skipping the Highly vascular nasal mucosa blood brain barrier). ...
... mucosa directly enter the CSF. Offers a rapid, direct route for drug delivery to the brain (skipping the Highly vascular nasal mucosa blood brain barrier). ...
1. Immediate 2. Delayed 3. Cumulative
... concentration in plasma (Cp) can be used to predict the average concentration in all the other tissues of the body (Ct). Note that Ct is not specific for any particular organ or tissue so it is not likely to reflect the distribution and equilibration at the site of action. This figure shows the time ...
... concentration in plasma (Cp) can be used to predict the average concentration in all the other tissues of the body (Ct). Note that Ct is not specific for any particular organ or tissue so it is not likely to reflect the distribution and equilibration at the site of action. This figure shows the time ...
PHARMACOLOGY : FIRST LONG EXAM Coverage: Principles of
... A. It is often expressed as the dose of the drug required to achieve 50% of the desired therapeutic effect B. It is the maximal response a drug can produce C. Its absolute and relative values can be determined D. It is a measure of the dose that is required to produce a response 62. Which of the fo ...
... A. It is often expressed as the dose of the drug required to achieve 50% of the desired therapeutic effect B. It is the maximal response a drug can produce C. Its absolute and relative values can be determined D. It is a measure of the dose that is required to produce a response 62. Which of the fo ...
Antibiotic
... Used in areas of the body that can flush away wastes of infection - kidneys Long term use has resulted in resistance Used in combination to increase action ...
... Used in areas of the body that can flush away wastes of infection - kidneys Long term use has resulted in resistance Used in combination to increase action ...
CASE 11 - Caangay
... DOC for hydatid disease and cysticercosis, also used for pinworm & hookworm infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis ...
... DOC for hydatid disease and cysticercosis, also used for pinworm & hookworm infections, ascariasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.