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112, 110404 (2014)
112, 110404 (2014)

... generated entirely by interactions in the original hoppingfree model [Eq. (2)]. We vary t1 and t2 and numerically solve Eq. (4) to get the best fit of EðKÞ while maximizing overlap of the corresponding wave functions. Table I shows representative (L ¼ 20) fits for the lowest eigenstates. The energy ...
8. Three-dimensional box. Ideal Fermi and Bose gases
8. Three-dimensional box. Ideal Fermi and Bose gases

... electrons in a metal. If these particles were bosons, the ground state of the system would correspond to all of the particles being in the box state ψ111 ∝ sin(πx/Lx ) sin(πy/Ly ) sin(πz/Lz ). However, since they are spin- 12 fermions, Pauli’s exclusion principle allows only one particle in each qua ...
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The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics http://www

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pdf file - HST

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The return of pilot waves - Theory of Condensed Matter (Cambridge)

... with same Ψ). Initially, nothing to distinguish any one system from any other. Nevertheless, results are (say) particle positions randomly distributed as Ψ2 over the ensemble. Copenhagenists conclude Nature ‘inherently probabilistic’. However there is another way: imagine QM ‘incomplete’ (as Einstei ...
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L3_interactions_matter_riegler09 - Indico

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Factorization of quantum charge transport for non

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We now extend the trace distance and fidelity to the quantum case

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Unit 2: The Fundamental Interactions

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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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