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Quantum Theory
Quantum Theory

Quantum Field Theory
Quantum Field Theory

gauge theory - CERN Indico
gauge theory - CERN Indico

... became the youngest FRS at age 33. • It was very lively, with numerous visitors: Murray Gell-Mann, Stanley Mandelstam, Steven Weinberg, ... ...
Dynamics ME-240 - Department of Aerospace Engineering
Dynamics ME-240 - Department of Aerospace Engineering

Talk Slides (pptx file) - University of Missouri
Talk Slides (pptx file) - University of Missouri

Quantum description of Einstein`s Brownian motion
Quantum description of Einstein`s Brownian motion

A Non-nuclear Model of the Hydrogen Atom
A Non-nuclear Model of the Hydrogen Atom

Experimental entanglement of four particles
Experimental entanglement of four particles

... jw2 i ¼ ðj↑↑ i 2 ij↓↓ iÞ=Î2. This spin state is in fact created for any initial motional state |ni, so long as the Lamb–Dicke criterion h2 n p 1 is satisfied. In order for the intermediate states |↑↓ 1i and |↓↑ 1i to be negligibly occupied, the detuning d must be large compared to the transition lin ...
transparencies - Indico
transparencies - Indico

Property calculation I
Property calculation I

Coronas and Iridescent Clouds
Coronas and Iridescent Clouds

... shapes because of variations in mean particle size. The oblong corona rings in Fig. 2 decrease in radius gradually from the top to the bottom of the photograph, corresponding to a gradual increase of mean cloud-particle size from 19.5 m at the top to 24.3 m at the bottom. The likely cause of this ...
L6 - Physics
L6 - Physics

... Example: determination of the parity of the p using p-dnn. For this reaction we know many things: a) sp=0, sn=1/2, sd=1, orbital angular momentum Ld=0, Jd=1 b) We know (from experiment) that the p is captured by the d in an s-wave state. Thus the total angular momentum of the initial state is just ...
Many-body theory
Many-body theory

... Ground states with ill defined particle number are the hallmark of the Bose-Einstein condensates and broken symmetries. The relation N |p1 , . . . , pn i = n|p1 , . . . , pn i ...
CHAPTER-5 QUANTUM BEHAVIOR of PARTICLES and the
CHAPTER-5 QUANTUM BEHAVIOR of PARTICLES and the

... we will learn quantum behavior phenomena in a sort of abstract or imaginative fashion and not by connection with our direct experience with macro-scale objects.1 In Chapter 5 we will describe one of those ’strange’ phenomena, namely, the behavior of electrons passing through a couple of slits, which ...
Why Quarks are Different from Leptons –
Why Quarks are Different from Leptons –

Creating the Particle Flow
Creating the Particle Flow

...  Mental Ray rendering setup  Incorporating motion blur ...
Integer Quantum Hall Effect for Bosons
Integer Quantum Hall Effect for Bosons

... An interesting feature of the two wave functions, Eqs. (11) and (12), is that they are spin singlets under the SUð2Þ pseudospin symmetry. (One way to see this is to note that, before projection, both wave functions can be written as a product of the antianalytic (221) state and a fully symmetric fun ...
dE/dx
dE/dx

Handout
Handout

... ball at a piece of tissue paper and having it come back and hit you. Based on these observations, Rutherford was able to show that the atom had a positively charged nucleus, where all of the protons were found in a compact group. The positively charged nucleus caused the positively charged alpha par ...
Student Exploration Sheet: Growing Plants
Student Exploration Sheet: Growing Plants

... Elements are pure substances that are made up of one kind of atom. Pizza is not an element because it is a mixture of many substances. Water is a pure substance, but it contains two different kinds of atoms: oxygen and hydrogen. Iron is an element because it is composed of one kind of atom. Gizmo W ...
Mechanics 1 Revision Notes
Mechanics 1 Revision Notes

SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS Pietro Menotti
SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS Pietro Menotti

Chapter 1. Fundamental Theory
Chapter 1. Fundamental Theory

... On the other hand, in the relativistic case, E = p2c 2 + m 2c 4 , or E 2 = p2c 2 + m 2c 4 , one can derive the Klein-Gordon Equation, ...
The present status of the problem of neutrino theory is briefly
The present status of the problem of neutrino theory is briefly

Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry

< 1 ... 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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