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Spin Excitations in the Spin-Tetrahedral
Spin Excitations in the Spin-Tetrahedral

α | Q | β 〉= Q (t) . 〈 Review
α | Q | β 〉= Q (t) . 〈 Review

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Inside A Particle Physicist`s Toolbox

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IPhO 2016 - Theory - Large Hadron Collider

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量子力學

... (c) Explain why the ground-state energy of a particle in the potential given in (a) is different from zero. 12. Suppose we have two particles, both of mass m, confined in 0 < x < a described by a potential V = 0 for 0 < x < a and V =  for x < 0 and x > a. Assume that these two particles are not int ...
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[a,b]! - Nikhef

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v` mf - EngineeringDuniya.com

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AQA A Physics - Particle Physics

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on the dynamical disequilibrium of individual particles

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Variabilities of Long-Lived Species over the Mediterranean Basin

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Проф - Atomic physics department

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The Semiotic Flora of Elementary Particles

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IMFUFA- Roskilde Universitetscenter- postbox 260

... series is divergent. Formally, we can put z=-1, whereby the infinite sum becomes the previously mentioned sum of all positive integers, and we can assign it a value given by the analytical continuation of the zetafunction to z=-1. In this way we get at the renormalized value ζ(-1) = -1/124 , i.e., n ...
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Note 01 - UF Physics

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Chapter 13 Review

< 1 ... 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 ... 171 >

Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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