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Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure

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View PDF

Atoms and Energies
Atoms and Energies

... When the capacitor is fully charged and no more electrons can be added, the potential energy of the capacitor equals the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons trying to leave the original plate The potential difference on the capacitor at this point is called the stopping potential Vs for the elec ...
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The Standard Model - University of Rochester

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Properties of photons with similarities to waves and or particles

... Quantum mechanics is the fundamental theory of small scale phenomena, such as the properties of electrons, photons and atomic interactions. Classical physics deals with continuous quantities, whereas quantum mechanics shows that on the very small scale, all quantities are discrete or quantised. In p ...
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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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