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College Physics - Gianpietro Cagnoli's Homepage
College Physics - Gianpietro Cagnoli's Homepage

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Harvard-Yale team on trail of electron`s mysteries

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What is Entanglement? Entangled Fields Looking at Entangled

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Entanglement of Indistinguishable Particles Shared between Two

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... P_______ are always moving, called atomic vibration. Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom. The center of the atom – the nucleus – contains the p_______ and n_______. ...
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Diagnostics of complex plasmas using a dust grains

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Unification of Quantum Statistics ? It`s possible with quaternions to

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Particles & Strings - University of Southampton

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CERN proposal - WordPress.com

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Solutions to Exercise sheet 2

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Quantum mechanics is the theory that we use to describe the

... responsible. However Newtonian mechanics does not specify any mechanism by which force is transferred, except in the most basic sense. It tells us that when an object is in contact with another you have some force between them. Newton’s laws tell you what the effect of a force is, and how to calcul ...
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Avogadro`s Number of Particles in a Mole

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Lecture 11 Identical particles

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Greetings and Purpose of This Meeting

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HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 5: Solutions

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first year laboratory: project proposal

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A proof of Bell`s inequality in quantum mechanics using causal

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Identical particles

Identical particles, also called indistinguishable or indiscernible particles, are particles that cannot be distinguished from one another, even in principle. Species of identical particles include, but are not limited to elementary particles such as electrons, composite subatomic particles such as atomic nuclei, as well as atoms and molecules. Quasiparticles also behave in this way. Although all known indistinguishable particles are ""tiny"", there is no exhaustive list of all possible sorts of particles nor a clear-cut limit of applicability; see particle statistics #Quantum statistics for detailed explication.There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which do not share quantum states due to the Pauli exclusion principle. Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.The fact that particles can be identical has important consequences in statistical mechanics. Calculations in statistical mechanics rely on probabilistic arguments, which are sensitive to whether or not the objects being studied are identical. As a result, identical particles exhibit markedly different statistical behavior from distinguishable particles. For example, the indistinguishability of particles has been proposed as a solution to Gibbs' mixing paradox.
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