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Biochemistry Introduction day 1
Biochemistry Introduction day 1

... Chemical Reactions: when elements and compounds interact with each other to form new substances. Reactant: A substance that undergoes a chemical reaction. Product: A substance formed from chemical reaction. Chemical Equations: Communicate what is happening in a chemical reaction. It can be done in a ...
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2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14
2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

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... results from a redistribution of electric charge within a nucleus. • A g ray is a high energy photon. • For complex nuclei there are many different possible ways in which the neutrons and protons can be arranged within the nucleus. – Gamma rays can be emitted when a nucleus undergoes a transition fr ...
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... we get that the P has a its own inertial mass, which coincides with its ZPM [7]. It is certainly an extremely low value, yet 6= 0. Just incidentally let’s mention something about the neutrino. The neutrino too, up until short ago, was considered massless, though having a certain E (thus in contrast ...
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... The chemical action of an electric current is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity which passes through a solution. The weights of the substances deposited by the same quantity of electricity are proportional to their chemical equivalents. Stoney (1874) made the hypothesis that there ...
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Elementary particle



In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle whose substructure is unknown, thus it is unknown whether it is composed of other particles. Known elementary particles include the fundamental fermions (quarks, leptons, antiquarks, and antileptons), which generally are ""matter particles"" and ""antimatter particles"", as well as the fundamental bosons (gauge bosons and Higgs boson), which generally are ""force particles"" that mediate interactions among fermions. A particle containing two or more elementary particles is a composite particle.Everyday matter is composed of atoms, once presumed to be matter's elementary particles—atom meaning ""indivisible"" in Greek—although the atom's existence remained controversial until about 1910, as some leading physicists regarded molecules as mathematical illusions, and matter as ultimately composed of energy. Soon, subatomic constituents of the atom were identified. As the 1930s opened, the electron and the proton had been observed, along with the photon, the particle of electromagnetic radiation. At that time, the recent advent of quantum mechanics was radically altering the conception of particles, as a single particle could seemingly span a field as would a wave, a paradox still eluding satisfactory explanation.Via quantum theory, protons and neutrons were found to contain quarks—up quarks and down quarks—now considered elementary particles. And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, orbiton). Yet a free electron—which, not orbiting an atomic nucleus, lacks orbital motion—appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle.Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary—an ultimate constituent of substance—was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the extremely popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a ""shadow"" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, an elementary boson mediating gravitation—the graviton—remains hypothetical.
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