176KB - NZQA
... The North Island volcanoes are formed because magma is produced when the Pacific plate is forced under the Australian plate, ‘subduction’. As the denser oceanic crust of the Pacific plate is forced down below the less dense continental crust of the Australian plate, it carries water down with it. Fr ...
... The North Island volcanoes are formed because magma is produced when the Pacific plate is forced under the Australian plate, ‘subduction’. As the denser oceanic crust of the Pacific plate is forced down below the less dense continental crust of the Australian plate, it carries water down with it. Fr ...
Lesson 1: The Water Planet
... did not end the quest begun by Wegener. Rather, they fostered an age of vigorous research and debate that continues today. Lesson 4 focuses on plate boundaries, the continuing accumulation of supporting evidence, and the many still-unanswered questions. There are three types of plate boundaries—dive ...
... did not end the quest begun by Wegener. Rather, they fostered an age of vigorous research and debate that continues today. Lesson 4 focuses on plate boundaries, the continuing accumulation of supporting evidence, and the many still-unanswered questions. There are three types of plate boundaries—dive ...
Origin of high Mg# andesite and the continental crust
... melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible elements, and too poor in compatible elements, to be parental to arc magmas. However, ascending slab melts may be modified by reaction with the mantle. Our new data permit modeling of the trace element effects of reaction between ...
... melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible elements, and too poor in compatible elements, to be parental to arc magmas. However, ascending slab melts may be modified by reaction with the mantle. Our new data permit modeling of the trace element effects of reaction between ...
Earth`s Structure
... Earth has layered structures with solid rock at the surface and partly liquid rock material below. When scientists understand the Earth’s structure, they can help predict when a geyser or a volcano will erupt, or how a river will change course over time. ...
... Earth has layered structures with solid rock at the surface and partly liquid rock material below. When scientists understand the Earth’s structure, they can help predict when a geyser or a volcano will erupt, or how a river will change course over time. ...
extensional tectonics of central-northern mexico
... Pindell, James, Kennan, Lorcan, and Barrett Stephen, 2002, Regional Plate Kinematics: Arm Waving or Underutilized Exploration Tool?, Search and Discovery Article #40064, Adapted for online presentation from four Previous HitarticlesNext Hit by the authors in AAPG Explorer Poole, F. G., Perry, W. J., ...
... Pindell, James, Kennan, Lorcan, and Barrett Stephen, 2002, Regional Plate Kinematics: Arm Waving or Underutilized Exploration Tool?, Search and Discovery Article #40064, Adapted for online presentation from four Previous HitarticlesNext Hit by the authors in AAPG Explorer Poole, F. G., Perry, W. J., ...
Name: Period:_____ Date:______ The field of earth science which
... regions where it would have been too cold for them to grow in today. f. ROCK layers (strata) and MINERAL deposits which were similar in age and composition were found on two different continents that were separated by large oceans or great distances. (Example: Coal deposits found in England and Penn ...
... regions where it would have been too cold for them to grow in today. f. ROCK layers (strata) and MINERAL deposits which were similar in age and composition were found on two different continents that were separated by large oceans or great distances. (Example: Coal deposits found in England and Penn ...
A short course on: Active Continental Tectonics
... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA (1977 to 1981), Research Fellows in Queens' College, University of Cambridge and became Assistant Dean (1983). He served as an Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer (1988), Reader (1996) and Professor of Active Tectonics (2003) in the Department of Earth Sciences, U ...
... Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA (1977 to 1981), Research Fellows in Queens' College, University of Cambridge and became Assistant Dean (1983). He served as an Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer (1988), Reader (1996) and Professor of Active Tectonics (2003) in the Department of Earth Sciences, U ...
C1b 6.2 The restless earth
... animal migration which since have disappeared!! (No evidence existed for this at all) ...
... animal migration which since have disappeared!! (No evidence existed for this at all) ...
Mountain Building
... • Form above active subduction zones or hot spots where magma erupts from the crust. • The erupted materials pile-up aroune the vent, forming a mountain. • Examples: – Some of the Cascade range (Oregon and ...
... • Form above active subduction zones or hot spots where magma erupts from the crust. • The erupted materials pile-up aroune the vent, forming a mountain. • Examples: – Some of the Cascade range (Oregon and ...
Week 10c_2015
... Based on the velocity of seismic waves through the mantle, we know that the density increases slowly from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.5 g/cm3 from the top to the bottom of the mantle. We also know that the mean density of the Earth is 5.5g/cm3. To make up for the difference, the core must be composed of materia ...
... Based on the velocity of seismic waves through the mantle, we know that the density increases slowly from 3.3 g/cm3 to 5.5 g/cm3 from the top to the bottom of the mantle. We also know that the mean density of the Earth is 5.5g/cm3. To make up for the difference, the core must be composed of materia ...
Introduction Notes
... 9. Which great scientist and author is being shown as half-man, half monkey in the slide discussed above? _______________________________________________________________________________ 10. In the 1600’s, the Bible was used to determine the age of the Earth by Bishop Ussher. This resulted in some sc ...
... 9. Which great scientist and author is being shown as half-man, half monkey in the slide discussed above? _______________________________________________________________________________ 10. In the 1600’s, the Bible was used to determine the age of the Earth by Bishop Ussher. This resulted in some sc ...
Ch 01w Intro Earth`s Interior
... • These phase transitions lead to a discontinuous increase in the density of the Earth's mantle that can be observed by seismic methods. They are also thought to influence the dynamics of mantle convection in that the exothermic transitions reinforce flow across the phase boundary, whereas the endot ...
... • These phase transitions lead to a discontinuous increase in the density of the Earth's mantle that can be observed by seismic methods. They are also thought to influence the dynamics of mantle convection in that the exothermic transitions reinforce flow across the phase boundary, whereas the endot ...
7.Juan deFuca PCA
... Describe what may happen where plate boundaries meet (i.e., earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, faults, mountain building). 5 Describe how energy is transformed from one form to another and/or how energy is transferred from one place to another in a given system other than an electrical circuit. Descr ...
... Describe what may happen where plate boundaries meet (i.e., earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, faults, mountain building). 5 Describe how energy is transformed from one form to another and/or how energy is transferred from one place to another in a given system other than an electrical circuit. Descr ...
1)The plate tectonic system 2)A theory is born 3)Early evidence for
... reflecting the energy released during subduction, seafloor spreading or plates sliding past each other (transform). ...
... reflecting the energy released during subduction, seafloor spreading or plates sliding past each other (transform). ...
Subduction Zones
... Subduction zones • also termed convergent or consuming plate margins • occur where adjacent plates move toward each other and relative motion is accommodated by one plate over-riding the other. • These zones are classified as either oceanic or subcontinental, depending on the overriding plate. • If ...
... Subduction zones • also termed convergent or consuming plate margins • occur where adjacent plates move toward each other and relative motion is accommodated by one plate over-riding the other. • These zones are classified as either oceanic or subcontinental, depending on the overriding plate. • If ...
U4-T2.5-Plate Boundaries
... B) A spreading center is formed and a rift valley is formed as a result of the associated faulting (normal) and thinning of the crust. Eventually the thinning becomes significant enough for ocean water to move into the rift valley. ...
... B) A spreading center is formed and a rift valley is formed as a result of the associated faulting (normal) and thinning of the crust. Eventually the thinning becomes significant enough for ocean water to move into the rift valley. ...
Exam #3 –- All numbered questions are given equal weight in the
... 14) If Midway Island is an ancient hot spot volcano 25 million years old and it is located 1500 km from another submarine volcano in the same island chain that is 43 million years old, then how fast is the tectonic plate moving over the hotspot? The correct answer is A 1500km (43+25) x 106 years (43 ...
... 14) If Midway Island is an ancient hot spot volcano 25 million years old and it is located 1500 km from another submarine volcano in the same island chain that is 43 million years old, then how fast is the tectonic plate moving over the hotspot? The correct answer is A 1500km (43+25) x 106 years (43 ...
Ocean Crust - The University of Southern Mississippi
... a. I want to emphasize that crust, whether it is oceanic or continental, is a thin layer seated on the uppermost mantle. Many plates (=lithosphere) have both oceanic and continental crust seated on the same uppermost mantle peridotite. b. Continental crust has formed by differentiation and fractiona ...
... a. I want to emphasize that crust, whether it is oceanic or continental, is a thin layer seated on the uppermost mantle. Many plates (=lithosphere) have both oceanic and continental crust seated on the same uppermost mantle peridotite. b. Continental crust has formed by differentiation and fractiona ...
Hotspots Unplugged
... poles switch places. Consider what that means for lava erupting at mid-ocean ridges. When the rock emerges and cools, the magnetization of its ...
... poles switch places. Consider what that means for lava erupting at mid-ocean ridges. When the rock emerges and cools, the magnetization of its ...
Answer the following questions. 1. What are Earthquakes
... egs. San Andreas fault in California. ...
... egs. San Andreas fault in California. ...
Tracing rays through the Earth
... - focal depth of earthquake not zero - local velocity-depth distribution under a particular network - spherical symmetry not perfectly valid due to Earth’s ellipticity Travel times can be classified as “early” or “late” depending on whether the wave passes through a “slow” or “fast” region On global ...
... - focal depth of earthquake not zero - local velocity-depth distribution under a particular network - spherical symmetry not perfectly valid due to Earth’s ellipticity Travel times can be classified as “early” or “late” depending on whether the wave passes through a “slow” or “fast” region On global ...
Activity 43
... b. when the toothpick broke. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ ...
... b. when the toothpick broke. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.