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Absent posterior interventricular artery
Absent posterior interventricular artery

... The anterior thoracic wall was opened and the heart and lungs were removed together. The heart was dissected to reveal the 4 cardiac valves and the coronary vasculature. The right and left coronary arteries emerged from the right and left coronary sinus respectively and not ectopically. The right co ...
Blue Lightning - The Illinois Society of
Blue Lightning - The Illinois Society of

... patients with vasovagal (benign, not seizure-related) asystole.  IA was seen in 8 patients, all with temporal lobe epilepsy.  No statistical difference was found in: – duration of asystole, bradycardia, and baseline HR characteristics  Only significant difference: higher HR acceleration post-asys ...
Reservoir and conduit function of right atrium: impact on - AJP
Reservoir and conduit function of right atrium: impact on - AJP

... The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between right atrial (RA) reservoir and conduit function and to determine how hemodynamic changes influence this relationship and its impact on cardiac output. In 11 open-chest sheep, RA reservoir and conduit function were quantified as R ...
Vitamin D signaling pathway plays an important role in the
Vitamin D signaling pathway plays an important role in the

... 7.9 million and 5.7 million US adults, respectively (39). Occurrence of left ventricular abnormalities related to remodeling (predominantly progressive chamber dilation, fibrosis, and systolic/diastolic dysfunction) and heart failure often complicates MI (1). Recent data suggest that the prevalent m ...
perioperativeCardiacTamponade
perioperativeCardiacTamponade

...  All CVP values elevated  Obliteration of Y descent ...
Evaluation of the Right Ventricular Function in Hypertrophic
Evaluation of the Right Ventricular Function in Hypertrophic

... septal ablation (ASA) for HOCM with an obstruction underwent simultaneous clinical and echocardiographic investigation between January 2007 and November 2008. Inclusion criteria for involvement in this study were a successful ASA for HOCM with the obstruction more than one year after the treatment. ...
The ResQ Trial: - Whatcom County EMS Council
The ResQ Trial: - Whatcom County EMS Council

... forward movement of blood through the circulatory system. ...
Anemia LECTURE IN INTERNAL MEDICINE FOR IV COURSE
Anemia LECTURE IN INTERNAL MEDICINE FOR IV COURSE

... • Additional testing is usually advocated to identify patients with arrhythmias caused by ischemia or who are at risk for sudden cardiac death. clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology/cardiac-arrhythmias/ ...
Resistance With Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Evaluation of
Resistance With Elevated Pulmonary Vascular Evaluation of

... vessels in patients with ARDS and high precapillary PVR.36 This hypothesis was further supported by a recent study of Hare et al,37 in which the effects of inhaled NO on LV filling pressure were studied in patients with LV failure receiving an LV assist device. When the pump delivered a fixed system ...
Ventriculoarterial Coupling in Normal and Failing Heart in Humans
Ventriculoarterial Coupling in Normal and Failing Heart in Humans

... To investigate coupling between the heart and arterial system in normal subjects and cardiac patients, we determined both the slope of the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ventricular clastancc) and the slope of the arterial end-systolic pressure-stroke volume relation (effect ...
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor prevents left
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor prevents left

... system prevents geometric remodelling and LV dysfunction after MI.18 Experimental evidence indicates that the influence of ACE inhibitor treatment on LV remodelling after MI may involve both direct angiotensin II effects acting through a variety of angiotensin II receptor subtypes and indirect effec ...
HEART IN NORMAL MAN output of the heart per unit of time. This
HEART IN NORMAL MAN output of the heart per unit of time. This

... The output of the heart per minute under ordinary conditions of life is a constantly changing value. It changes with position, with temperature, and it changes tremendously with increased oxygen consumption during exercise. It is therefore somewhat surprising that digitalis, which affects cardiac ac ...
Case Report: Congenital sub mitral left ventricle aneurysm with
Case Report: Congenital sub mitral left ventricle aneurysm with

... rarely reported in Indian subcontinent. It is most commonly found in Black population, among the natives of south and West Africa.SMLVA is basically a congenital out-pouching of the LV wall occurring adjacent to the posterior leaflet of Mitral Valve2. It is typically diagnosed in young adults, prese ...
Relation between isovolumic relaxation period of left - Heart
Relation between isovolumic relaxation period of left - Heart

... Because of the clinical importance of establishing reliable criteria for evaluation of pulmonary artery pressure in d-transposition9 and the ease with which mitral and pulmonary valve echograms are obtained in this condition, we have compared the reliability of IRT of the left ventricle to that of S ...
An Adult Patient with Fontan Physiology: A TEE Perspective
An Adult Patient with Fontan Physiology: A TEE Perspective

... pulmonary artery via a lateral conduit. Pulmonary arterial flow was wholly supported by the venous pressure from the great veins without any ventricular contribution. Therefore, adequate systemic venous pressures and maintenance of low pulmonary vascular resistance and alveolar pressures were paramo ...
an Echocardiography Casebook Example
an Echocardiography Casebook Example

... had several echocardiographic features that helped support the diagnosis.  ...
New insights in the assessment of right ventricular function
New insights in the assessment of right ventricular function

... between the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) due to the curvature of the ventricular septum which places the right ventricular outflow tract antero-cephalic to that of the LV outflow tract. The pulmonary valve, which guards the RVOT, is the most superi ...
systolic murmurs in 525 healthy young adults - Heart
systolic murmurs in 525 healthy young adults - Heart

... whole, above the average in the vigour and success of their sporting activities. Nearly all had put on weight-a usual characteristic of the student period. On no occasion did the mass radiography unit report a finding suggestive of a cardiac lesion. Leggat (1950) put forward a claim that such invest ...
Excessive vasoconstriction in rheumatic mitral stenosis with
Excessive vasoconstriction in rheumatic mitral stenosis with

... sequently measured by gitant fraction was higher than expected before valvuloplasty (0.32 + 0.21), possibly owing to changes in heart rate between measurements or inaccuracies in either or both methods of measuring stroke volume, but did not increase after valvuloplasty (0.26 5 0.16). Contractility ...
Cyanotic Heart Disease
Cyanotic Heart Disease

... • Second most common cause of cyanosis in infancy • Pulmonary and systemic circulations form two separate circuits • Must be mixing between two circuits for life ...
Approach to Arrhythmias
Approach to Arrhythmias

... female with no Structural Heart Disease Palpitations with sudden onset/offset, may be terminated by maneuvers that lead to AVN block ...
Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal - Antzelevitch
Indian Pacing and Electrophysiology Journal - Antzelevitch

... Precedes Left Ventricular Dysfunction In Patients Paced From Right Ventricular Apex” RV-IVRT at one week, followed by an increase in RV dimensions and the appearance of RV systolic abnormality i.e. increased RV-PEP and RV-PEP/RV-ET ratio at one month. The LV diastolic parameters were significantly a ...
Stenting To Reverse Left Ventricular Ischemia Due To Left Main
Stenting To Reverse Left Ventricular Ischemia Due To Left Main

... angiographic appearance, with severe narrowing at the ostium and then gradual enlargement to the distal left main artery with normal appearance of the remainder of the coronary circulation. Some have suggested that noninvasive studies, such as cardiac MRI, may also be helpful.8 Both patients we desc ...
Early predictors of adverse left ventricular remodelling after
Early predictors of adverse left ventricular remodelling after

... 67.1 ± 5.6 years) with first ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), who had been referred to the catheterisation laboratory and were undergoing primary PCI. Perfusion of the infarct region by the IRA was assessed according to the criteria of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Tria ...
An Approach to Analysis of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and
An Approach to Analysis of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and

... pressure,10 and is considered clinically relevant when LV filling becomes impeded, with resultant symptoms of low cardiac output (from loss of Starling forces), elevated pulmonary venous pressure, or both.5 Elevated diastolic pressures are transmitted through the PVs to the proximal pulmonary vascul ...
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Heart failure



Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.
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