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Chapter 9
Chapter 9

... myocardial damage from heart attack – Improvements in heart’s antioxidant capacity – Improved function of ATP-sensitive potassium ...
EHRA Accreditation Exam in Cardiac Pacing
EHRA Accreditation Exam in Cardiac Pacing

... 3 -The long term threshold record of the figure was obtained from a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy, LEVF of 23%, asystolic complete heart block whose DDD pacemaker was inserted in March 2001. The capture threshold has been absolutely stable until recently. He presented on July 7th with deteri ...
Straddling mitral valve with hypoplastic right ventricle
Straddling mitral valve with hypoplastic right ventricle

... subxiphoid. apical. parasternal and supraslernal views, was performed in Patients I to 3. The techmque of echocardiographic examination and certain features in these patients were published previously (I). Pathology. A detailed study of the heart specimens from the two patients studied at autopsy wa ...
and diagnosis Ischaemic mitral regurgitation: mechanisms
and diagnosis Ischaemic mitral regurgitation: mechanisms

... usually occurs in association with increased sphericity and annular dilatation, and all contribute to MR. The coaptation point of the MV is moved apically, with a large tenting area,4 and both leaflets are involved to a similar degree, causing a central jet (fig 3). This circumstance is typically as ...
Title: Persufflation (Gaseous Oxygen Perfusion) as a Method of
Title: Persufflation (Gaseous Oxygen Perfusion) as a Method of

... technique during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). These initial studies demonstrated that gaseous oxygen can be utilized by myocardial tissue during periods of ischemia and that heart function can be restored following short-term PSF. Between the late 1960s and 1990s, investigation of PSF ...
Slow and deep respiration suppresses steady
Slow and deep respiration suppresses steady

... high sympathetic tone as in CHF. Respiratory influences on the neural activity have some time lag and vary depending on the depth and frequency of each breath, which are difficult to control independently in humans (4, 15, 37). The present study was therefore designed to quantify the dynamic influen ...
Tetralogy of fallot - The department of cardiology, Calicut medical
Tetralogy of fallot - The department of cardiology, Calicut medical

... - Perloff ‘s text book of congenital heart diseases - Moss and Adams ‘s text book of congenital cardiology - Rudolph text book of pediatric cardiology - Freedom’s natural and modified natural history of cong.heart diseases - Andreson text book of congenital heart disease - Figenbaum’ text book of ec ...
Neonatal Electrocardiogram
Neonatal Electrocardiogram

... Syndrome[1]. Furthermore, in infants with this diagnosis, post-mortem molecular screening may reveal the presence of the long QT syndrome (LQTS)[2]. As with most screening tests, a single ECG must be put into context (e.g. family history, etc.). Additionally, it is traditional to examine neonatal EC ...
Common Pulmonary Vein Atresia
Common Pulmonary Vein Atresia

... In one of these it was reported to be within normal limits at the age of 6 days. The chest X-ray showed gross pulmonary venous congestion with a diffuse pattern of pulmonary vascular markings that was either reticular or miliary in type in the four reported infants in whom it was performed, as well ...
QRS Duration Criteria to Select Patients for Cardiac
QRS Duration Criteria to Select Patients for Cardiac

... graded duration of QRS are of particular interest. It is important to realize that patients with QRS durations exceeding 120 ms are almost equally distributed between moderately and severely prolonged QRS.26 This means that if the cutoff 150 ms is accepted, about half of all patients who currently q ...
Task Force Report
Task Force Report

... Syndrome[1]. Furthermore, in infants with this diagnosis, post-mortem molecular screening may reveal the presence of the long QT syndrome (LQTS)[2]. As with most screening tests, a single ECG must be put into context (e.g. family history, etc.). Additionally, it is traditional to examine neonatal EC ...
QRS Duration Criteria to Select Patients for Cardiac
QRS Duration Criteria to Select Patients for Cardiac

... graded duration of QRS are of particular interest. It is important to realize that patients with QRS durations exceeding 120 ms are almost equally distributed between moderately and severely prolonged QRS.26 This means that if the cutoff 150 ms is accepted, about half of all patients who currently q ...
coronary artery disease
coronary artery disease

... diet, alcohol abuse, and medical conditions such as diabetes all contribute to the development of the atherosclerosis that causes CAD. How and why these other risk factors contribute to the development of CAD is not known, and they appear to be less significant as risk factors than “the big three” o ...
Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction

... This cross section through the heart demonstrates the left ventricle on the left. Extending from the anterior portion and into the septum is a large recent myocardial infarction. The center is tan with surrounding hyperemia. The infarction is "transmural" in that it extends through the full thickne ...
Method for puncturing the pericardial membrane by synchronizing
Method for puncturing the pericardial membrane by synchronizing

... 103 is synchronized with systole. This is due to the fact that the heart muscle 101 is moving away from the needle 107 during systole, and as shown in FIG. 2B. Thus, the disclosed methods of the present disclosure take advantage of the motion of the heart muscle 101, and change this motion from a fa ...
Echocardiographic Evaluation ofLeft Ventricular Size
Echocardiographic Evaluation ofLeft Ventricular Size

... The circulatory response to handgrip exercise is complex and partly dependent on the severity of the handgrip stress.'" The general response to isometric exercise is similar to that of any type of exercise and consists of an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output. However, in cont ...
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

... diet, alcohol abuse, and medical conditions such as diabetes all contribute to the development of the atherosclerosis that causes CAD. How and why these other risk factors contribute to the development of CAD is not known, and they appear to be less significant as risk factors than “the big three” o ...
Myocardial ischemia and infarction
Myocardial ischemia and infarction

... Hypoxia of cell → loss of rest voltage → cell surface relatively negative → injury current from infarction focus to center of heart → depression of TQ (=TP+PQ) on nearby electrode. Injury current disappears at ventricle´s depolarization (ST interval) → ST interval in normal position → it presents as ...
Journal review
Journal review

... composite score response– sensitivity ranging from 6% to 74% – specificity ranging from 35% to 91% ...
S1936878X15002648_mmc1 - JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging
S1936878X15002648_mmc1 - JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging

... using the anterior right ventricular-LV insertion point as the reference point [38]. T1 was measured in each of these segments, and regions-of-interest were planimetered distinct and separate from blood-pool and tissue interfaces. These segmental values were also averaged to provide one value per su ...
Journal review - cardiologycmc.in
Journal review - cardiologycmc.in

... composite score response– sensitivity ranging from 6% to 74% – specificity ranging from 35% to 91% ...
here - Infarct Combat Project
here - Infarct Combat Project

... alterations and clear hemodynamic consequences which indicate myocardial suffering that, over time, becomes structurally compromised, regionally, reaching the ischemic cardiomyopathy process described by Burch and colleagues (1970) (11-13). ...
Extreme Clinical Presentations of Venous Stasis : Coronary
Extreme Clinical Presentations of Venous Stasis : Coronary

... usually results in mortality and presents with chest pain, dynamic electrocardiogram changes and signs of acute cardiac decompensation. 1,5 This probably results secondary to acute onset venous infarction of myocardium. However chronic development of thrombus does not present with ischaemic signs du ...
Early Repolarization Syndrome[1]
Early Repolarization Syndrome[1]

... It is important to emphasize that abnormal (e.g. inverted) T-waves are not an integral part of ERP and should be considered as an independent ECG abnormality. Also, ECG patterns consistent with ERP and inverted T-waves are not uncommon ECG findings in athletes of West-Asian and African origin,18-20 ...
Heart rate control of blood pressure variability in
Heart rate control of blood pressure variability in

... active standing, contribute to beat-to-beat variability of BP in humans. Since heart rate (HR) is a determinant of stroke volume and of cardiac output, it plays a major role in BP regulation. The modulatory influence of HR, driven by the autonomic nervous system, is in turn regulated by the arterial ...
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Heart failure



Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.
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