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The Fontan circulation: who controls cardiac output?
The Fontan circulation: who controls cardiac output?

... that augmentation of cardiac output is extremely dependent upon preload reserve. Exercise induced increases in cardiac output are partly explained by the Frank Starling mechanism, but left ventricular filling is more important than myocardial contractility in augmenting stroke volume in normal indiv ...
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function

... properties of the myocardium including abnormal left ventricular (LV) diastolic distensibility (chamber stiffness), impaired filling, and slow or delayed relaxation regardless of the systolic performance and patient’s symptoms (1). Patients with asymptomatic diastolic dysfunction have increased risk ...
and Cavity Size: An Analysis of 1500 Human Hearts
and Cavity Size: An Analysis of 1500 Human Hearts

... strictly to the left main artery (in instances of left ventricular infarction without right ventricular infarction) were also excluded. Eleven of 15 instances of infarction of the right ventricular free wall were associated with occlusion or severe stenosis of the proximal right coronary artery. Thi ...
Dr Dhiraj Gupta
Dr Dhiraj Gupta

... PhD candidates for Queen Mary University, and City University, London. I am the Chief Investigator for four ablation trials (PRESSURE, SMANPAF, PRAISE, and VISTAX), and ...
Left ventricular ejection fraction after acute coronary occlusion in
Left ventricular ejection fraction after acute coronary occlusion in

... cantly greater than 0 after occlusion of both the LAD (p < .003) and LC (p < .02) arteries, suggesting that after acute coronary occlusion, the reduction in global ejection fraction was influenced by dysfunction in myocardium that did not become irreversibly injured. Multivariate analysis revealed t ...
Andropoulos Chapter
Andropoulos Chapter

... pulmonary circuit after closure of the aortic valve. Low diastolic pressures decrease coronary perfusion, potentially creating ischemia from the imbalance of decreased myocardial oxygen delivery and increased oxygen demand. Due to this volume burden, the left ventricle eventually will dilate and hyp ...
CARDiAC RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMiAS
CARDiAC RHYTHMS AND ARRHYTHMiAS

... means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ...
Imaging cellular signals in the heart in vivo: Cardiac expression of
Imaging cellular signals in the heart in vivo: Cardiac expression of

... underlie numerous cellular processes that enable organ function (1–5). In the mammalian heart, for example, efficient function depends upon the coordinated release and reuptake of Ca2⫹ ions from intracellular organelles in millions of cells, at rates between 0.5 and 15 Hz throughout life, and even s ...
Isolated Ventricular Systolic Interaction During
Isolated Ventricular Systolic Interaction During

... contralateral chamber during systole and diastole. To quantitate the isolated systolic effects of left ventricular (LV) pressure on right ventricular (RV) mechanics, we rapidly withdrew blood from the LV immediately after diastole via an apex cannula during a single cardiac cycle in eight open-chest ...
Literature Review
Literature Review

... The  strongest  recommendations  in  favor  of  imaging  of  patients  with  newly  suspected  HF  are  echocardiography  to  include  two‐dimensional  transthoracic  ultrasound  and  Doppler(25).    Among  its  most  attractive  attributes  are  its  wide  spread  availability,  lack  of  ionizing  ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology

... electrophysiology testing and your heart webmd - an electrophysiology ep study is a test that records the electrical activity and the electrical pathways of your heart it can help find what s causing your, do you need an electrophysiologist heart health center - do you need an electrophysiologist if ...
The valve of the inferior vena cava‖ . Br. Heart J., 1956, July, 18 (3)
The valve of the inferior vena cava‖ . Br. Heart J., 1956, July, 18 (3)

... atrium of the heart. Once the blood enters the right atrium, it can be pumped through the heart and lungs to acquire oxygen so that it can be returned to the circulatory system to supply oxygen to the cells. The circulatory system relies on this cycle, in which blood is continually moved through the ...
introductory guide to identifying ecg irregularities
introductory guide to identifying ecg irregularities

... and left ventricles by way of the septum and that maintains the normal sequence of the heartbeat by conducting the wave of excitation from the right atrium to the ventricles called also atrioventricular bundle, His bundle. ...
Epicardial and visceral fat are independent determinants of diastolic
Epicardial and visceral fat are independent determinants of diastolic

... 3.1. Diastolic function and adiposity parameters As shown in table A.2, there was a significant correlation between BMI and decreased early diastolic velocity (E’ lateral) and increased LV filling pressures (E/E’ mean). Fat mass percentage, assessed by bioelectric impedance analysis, was also inver ...
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart

... systemic circulation Relatively thick walled 1. Atrioventricular: mitral 2. Semilunar: Aortic ...
Hypertension and arrhythmia: blood pressure control
Hypertension and arrhythmia: blood pressure control

... hypertensive patients are standard electrocardiography, Holter electrocardiogram and echocardiography. However, recently other non-invasive markers have been defined and widely investigated for the risk stratification of hypertensive patients. These parameters include QT interval dispersion (QTd), Q ...
Dlg1 is required for myofibrillar arrangement in the
Dlg1 is required for myofibrillar arrangement in the

... The heart is the central organ of our circulatory system. Without it, blood would stop flowing through our veins and our organs would starve of oxygen and nutrients. This would result in death within minutes. At rest, the human heart pumps about 60 times per minute, transporting about 5 L of blood. ...
CARDIAC AND CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY
CARDIAC AND CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY

... ƒ Stealing of blood to the low pressure systemic circulation leaves myocardium at risk for ischemia. ƒ In response, the coronary dilates and may progress to frank aneurysm which can ulcerate, thrombose or rupture. ...
Heart rate variability in patients with stable angina
Heart rate variability in patients with stable angina

... Gårdsvägen 4, 169 70 Solna ...
WINFOCUS BASIC ECHO (WBE)
WINFOCUS BASIC ECHO (WBE)

... In  this  lecture  we’ll  go  over  only  2D  findings.  In  the  advanced  course  we’ll  also  talk  about  Doppler  evaluaIon  for  the  diagnosis  of  tamponade  physiology     ...
Pulmonary Hypertension in Mitral Regurgitation
Pulmonary Hypertension in Mitral Regurgitation

... itral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular lesion in the United States and the second-most common valvular lesion requiring surgery in Europe.1,2 In the United States, over 2.5 million people are estimated to have moderate-to-severe MR, and this number is expected to double by 2030.1 Over ...
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated With Increased Infarct
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated With Increased Infarct

... Background-—Approximately one third of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is associated with impaired outcome. However, the causal association between LVH and outcome in STEMI is unknown. We evaluated the association betwee ...
Regional Oxygen Saturation of Small Arteries and Veins in the
Regional Oxygen Saturation of Small Arteries and Veins in the

... SUMMARY Oxygen saturation of small arteries and veins (20-500 fim) was determined microspectrophotometrically in the hearts of 12 pentobarbital-anesthetized open-chest dogs. Hearts were removed, quick frozen in liquid propane, and O2 saturation was determined in blood vessels on a regional basis bet ...
PPT Ch 11Circulatory System
PPT Ch 11Circulatory System

... •Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood into the right atrium •From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, blood travels to the right ventricle •From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk •Pulmonary trunk spl ...
Circulatory Power Point File
Circulatory Power Point File

... •Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood into the right atrium •From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, blood travels to the right ventricle •From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk •Pulmonary trunk spl ...
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Heart failure



Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.
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