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Cardiovascular Emergencies: Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac
Cardiovascular Emergencies: Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac

... peripheral vasoconstriction. Decreased tissue perfusion causes activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as the body attempts to increase blood volume and improve stoke volume (Bullock). As a result, workload on the failing heart is greatly increased. As these compensatory mechanisms ar ...
Use of the AED - Berridge Medical Training
Use of the AED - Berridge Medical Training

... These can usually be seen or felt just below the left collar bone, which is not normally in the way of the pads so care must be taken not to place pads over them. Supplemental oxygen There are no reports of fires caused by sparking where defibrillation was delivered using adhesive pads. If oxygen is ...
Review article NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN CARDIOVASCULAR
Review article NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES IN CARDIOVASCULAR

... level, and requires longer-lasting stimuli. An increased BNP concentration in the blood remains for a significantly longer time than an increased ANP concentration. Tachycardia is a factor that intensifies natriuretic peptide synthesis. Glycocorticosteroids, thyroid hormones, endothelin-1 and angiot ...
Evaluation Pulmonary Arterial End-Diastolic Pressure
Evaluation Pulmonary Arterial End-Diastolic Pressure

... six patients in whom increases in systemic arterial pressure were induced by methoxamine, and in two patients in whom spontaneous increases in systemic arterial pressure occurred, left ventricular EDP increased by 2 to 11 mm Hg (average 6 mm Hg); pulmonary arterial EDP remained unchanged or increase ...
Temporary Pacemakers-2hr
Temporary Pacemakers-2hr

... Pacemaker not sensitive enough to patient’s intrinsic electrical activity (mV)  Insufficient myocardial voltage  Dislodged, loose, fibrotic, or fractured electrode  Electrolyte abnormalities  Low battery  Malfunction of pacemaker or bridging cable ...
Exercise stress tests for detection and evaluation of pulmonary
Exercise stress tests for detection and evaluation of pulmonary

... diseases are associated with increases in both the slope and the extrapolated pressure intercepts of (mPpa– Pla)–Q relationships. The calculation of a PVR then becomes inherently pressure- or flow-sensitive, and multipoint mPpa–Q or (mPpa–Pla)–Q plots are preferable to isolated PVR determinations to ...
Temporary Pacemakers - University of California, San Diego
Temporary Pacemakers - University of California, San Diego

... Pacemaker not sensitive enough to patient’s intrinsic electrical activity (mV)  Insufficient myocardial voltage  Dislodged, loose, fibrotic, or fractured electrode  Electrolyte abnormalities  Low battery  Malfunction of pacemaker or bridging cable ...
Wide Complex Tachycardias - Texas Tech University Health
Wide Complex Tachycardias - Texas Tech University Health

... can precipitate ventricular fibrillation in patients in VT, even if initially stable. Therefore, all wide-complex tachycardias should be assumed to be VT until proven otherwise. ...
a finite element model of the human left ventricular systole, taking
a finite element model of the human left ventricular systole, taking

... range of operating conditions, from typically 5 Lit/min at rest to some 25 Lit/min under heavy physical activity, even in an untrained person. In order to meet such demands, both heart rate and stroke volume are controlled individually which will be discussed later. ...
TGA LATE RESULT M. Turina
TGA LATE RESULT M. Turina

... years experience; long-term outlook for arterial switch is less well known (neoaorta, coronaries, reoperations). •  Technical problems of atrial correction (stenosis SVC or pulmonary veins) are avoidable. •  Failure of systemic ventricle is not obligatory. •  Atrial correction was performed in older ...
Abnormal electrocardiographic findings in athletes
Abnormal electrocardiographic findings in athletes

... TWI in the lateral or inferolateral leads is seen commonly in HCM (figures 1–3). In a series of asymptomatic patients ≤35 years old with HCM confirmed by cardiac MRI, 62% exhibited TWI.21 Similarly, in patients with a positive HCM genetic test and overt morphological HCM, 54% demonstrate TWI.22 In bla ...


... resulting in mid-systolic notching (fig. 2). A high correlation coefficient, around 0.9, was found between AT, or AT correlated for ejection time (ET), and mean Ppa. Satisfactory Doppler recordings were obtained in 70% of patients referred to the catheterization laboratory. This proportion increased ...
fibrillation
fibrillation

... The results of the present study explain some of the difficulties associated with the use of serum digoxin as a guide for digoxin treatment and its failure to prevent toxic reactions in patients.27 Because serum digoxin is affected not only by exercise but also by everyday physical activity628 29 we ...
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac Arrhythmias

... • Most common arrhythmia; risk increases with age. • Irregular fibrillating atrial waves at a rate of 300-600 bpm, best seen in leads II, III, aVF &V1. • Absence of P waves • Fibrillation is may caused by numerous microentry circuits ...
Right ventricular failure in patients with the HeartMate
Right ventricular failure in patients with the HeartMate

... attractive therapeutic option for select patients, only 2000 heart transplantations are performed each year in the United States, largely as a result of donor shortages.2 This continued limitation underscores the need for alternative avenues of treatment for this patient cohort. Mechanical circulato ...
Temporary Pacemakers
Temporary Pacemakers

... Pacemaker not sensitive enough to patient’s intrinsic electrical activity (mV)  Insufficient myocardial voltage  Dislodged, loose, fibrotic, or fractured electrode  Electrolyte abnormalities  Low battery  Malfunction of pacemaker or bridging cable ...
Temporary Pacemakers
Temporary Pacemakers

... Pacemaker not sensitive enough to patient’s intrinsic electrical activity (mV)  Insufficient myocardial voltage  Dislodged, loose, fibrotic, or fractured electrode  Electrolyte abnormalities  Low battery  Malfunction of pacemaker or bridging cable ...
Mean pulmonary arterial pressures in Angus steers increase from
Mean pulmonary arterial pressures in Angus steers increase from

... study except for 93 of the calves tested at 6 mo of age that were not part of the cohort previously tested at 4 mo of age. Only mPAP measurements were obtained from these 93 calves (Table 1). A full description of the equipment, materials, and facilities required for PAP testing is provided by Holt ...
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Assist Devices
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Assist Devices

... and detection of flow direction using colour Doppler imaging. However, an atrial shunt is a function of the pressure differential between the right and left atria and this can be a dynamic parameter. A PFO with right to left shunting may not become apparent until after LVAD insertion, which may redu ...
Non-Invasive Transcutaneous Pacing
Non-Invasive Transcutaneous Pacing

... With the pacer on, the defibrillator marks intrinsic beats on the R-wave with a marker on the MRx and an arrow the XL+. The intrinsic beats are also marked in the print strip. When an intrinsic beat is detected, the time interval for the next pace pulse starts at the intrinsic beat. If no intrinsic ...
The Wetsuit Effect - Digital Scholarship @UNLV
The Wetsuit Effect - Digital Scholarship @UNLV

... hemorrhage due to the increase in pressure in the pulmonary system. The hemorrhaging in these capillaries then produces the indicatory sign and symptom of pulmonary edema- profuse frothy hemoptysis, or coughing up blood. A tight wetsuit, among other factors, may be a trigger for the development of ...
cardio what?. - Children`s Cardiomyopathy Foundation
cardio what?. - Children`s Cardiomyopathy Foundation

... of your heart. A chest x-ray can show the size of your heart. A cardiac catheterization is a test where a long tube is put in one of your blood vessels. This tube travels all the way to your heart. Kids are given medicine called anesthesia to help them sleep during this test. ...
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Obese Hypertensives: Is It Really
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Obese Hypertensives: Is It Really

... was placed in the mitral valve orifice, at the level of mitral valve ring. Diastolic left ventricular dysfunction was suspected if PFVE/PFVA ratio was more than 1.5, or if its reciprocal value PFVE/PFVA was less than 0.66. Markedly decreased early and mid-diastolic deceleration rate (represented by ...
Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart
Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart

... output after the Fontan operation A characteristic feature of the Fontan circuit is the lack of pulsatile pulmonary blood flow through the pulmonary vascular bed. In the normal biventricular circulation pulmonary blood flow is generally not a limiting factor for determining cardiac output. In ischem ...
Left ventricular ejection fraction after acute coronary occlusion in
Left ventricular ejection fraction after acute coronary occlusion in

... cantly greater than 0 after occlusion of both the LAD (p < .003) and LC (p < .02) arteries, suggesting that after acute coronary occlusion, the reduction in global ejection fraction was influenced by dysfunction in myocardium that did not become irreversibly injured. Multivariate analysis revealed t ...
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Heart failure



Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.
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