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The opposable THUMB
The opposable THUMB

... and more precise grip on objects. Thus an opposable thumb helps in grasping things more easily, picking up small objects, and eating with one hand. ...
PDF - Fabrice Eroukhmanoff
PDF - Fabrice Eroukhmanoff

... responses to selection, and to what extent selection could reorganize genetic variation by modifying the structure of G so that adaptation would be facilitated. But the fact remains that the influence of G on evolution might be more limited than previously thought (Merila and Björklund 1999; Agrawa ...
Paper  - Ran Blekhman
Paper - Ran Blekhman

... tissue. Our gene-wise model was designed with fixed effects for species, sequence mismatches, and probes, and a random effect for individuals (see Methods). As a first step of our analysis, we used estimates from the linear model to identify genes that are differentially expressed between tissues (z ...
Application for DNIR (storage) Form
Application for DNIR (storage) Form

... The information requested in Parts 4 to 8 is required to help identify any possible hazards associated with storing the GMO(s). Some questions in Parts 4 to 8 may also relate to risk assessment and risk management, which are addressed in Part 9. In the previous section you will have generally descri ...
Application for DNIR (storage) - The University of Western Australia
Application for DNIR (storage) - The University of Western Australia

... The information requested in Parts 4 to 8 is required to help identify any possible hazards associated with storing the GMO(s). Some questions in Parts 4 to 8 may also relate to risk assessment and risk management, which are addressed in Part 9. In the previous section you will have generally descri ...
Fitness and Natural Selection - Gleason
Fitness and Natural Selection - Gleason

... populations. The rate of reproduction of a phenotype – the intrinsic rate of increase of the life table for the phenotype – is a measure of its fitness. When differences in fitness among individuals have a genetic basis, those alleles that have the higher fitness reproduce faster and take over the p ...
lecture 02 - selection on the gene, genome, trait and phenotype
lecture 02 - selection on the gene, genome, trait and phenotype

... - an adaptation is a trait that makes you better suited to your ecological niche, and increases your fitness Alleles or allele combinations, and the traits they produce, determine fitness of an individual: # of offspring that survive to reproduce - if you live forever but produce no offspring, your ...
The Units of Selection
The Units of Selection

... solution in the aqueous environment and the energy for their formation would come from various electromagnetic radiations and electrical dis­ charges (Miller 4). Although it has occasionally been suggested that some such molecules may have been autocatalytic by being the templates for their own prod ...
Chasing Shadows: Natural Selection and Adaptation
Chasing Shadows: Natural Selection and Adaptation

... (1982) offer the example of individual selection without a change in gene frequencies. Consider a case of extreme heterosis. For some locus with two alleles A and a, the heterozygotes (Aa) are on average extremely robust, while the homozygous condition (AA or aa) is lethal. Only the heterozygotes su ...
Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems

... • Natural selection causes evolution in populations by acting on individuals. • Natural selection acts when individuals survive and reproduce (or fail to do so). • Less “fit” individuals are less likely to pass on their genes. ...
evolution and speciation regents
evolution and speciation regents

... - FOUNDING OF A NEW POPULATION, - GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION which led to - REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION and CHANGES IN THE NEW POPULATION’S GENE POOL due to COMPETITION. ...
evolution and speciation ppt regents
evolution and speciation ppt regents

... - FOUNDING OF A NEW POPULATION, - GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION which led to - REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION and CHANGES IN THE NEW POPULATION’S GENE POOL due to COMPETITION. ...
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

... letters which have been wrongly copied which causes the gene not to work. The genetics team will try to work this out for each family, and if we find the "spelling" mistake we will offer a test to the rest of the family to find out who has it and who has not. Blood cells contain copies of all your g ...
Lecture 10 Population Genetics
Lecture 10 Population Genetics

... A non-evolving population is the exception rather than the rule If a population is evolving, then allele frequencies will change over time i.e. the composition of the gene pool will change from one generation to the next Let s look at the kinds of forces that drive changes in allele frequencies i.e ...
Télécharger le pdf
Télécharger le pdf

... we ever hope to fully appreciate the extraordinary subtlety of this most important biological principle; for much of it has been handed down from Darwin without serious reflection or re-examination. 3 Since this paper is a philosophical consideration of the doctrine of natural selection, we must exa ...
Gene Duplication, Gene Conversion and the Evolution of
Gene Duplication, Gene Conversion and the Evolution of

... both gene conversion and crossing over on the Y, recombination can be viewed as a factor that either constrains (via gene conversion) or promotes (via crossing over) Y chromosome degeneration. These observations concerning Y chromosome gene content and recombination raise interesting questions that ...
Selection to Increase Expression, not Sequence Diversity
Selection to Increase Expression, not Sequence Diversity

... Margres et al. 2016a); these specific attributes allow us to directly examine the phenotypic effects of copy-number variation for a trait with direct contributions to fitness. We characterized the degree of copy-number variation and identified the proximate evolutionary process underlying gene famil ...
440selection - eweb.furman.edu
440selection - eweb.furman.edu

... 1. Measuring “fitness” – differential reproductive success a. The mean number of reproducing offspring (or females)/female b. Components of fitness - probability of female surviving to reproductive age - number of offspring the female produces - probability that offspring survive to reproductive age ...
Adaptation and Inclusive Fitness
Adaptation and Inclusive Fitness

... to organisms being adapted to their environments. A number of recent papers have criticised this approach, suggesting that inclusive fitness is just one of many possible mathematical methods for modelling when traits will be favoured by natural selection, and that it leads to errors, such as overemp ...
14 Phylogenomic Approach to the Evolutionary Dynamics of Gene
14 Phylogenomic Approach to the Evolutionary Dynamics of Gene

... have expanded within birds relatively recently to constitute the majority of the over 200 olfactory receptor genes in the chicken genome. The expansions of these genes could conceivably be part of the genetic mechanism linking the immune and olfactory systems with mate choice, kin recognition, and s ...
adapt1
adapt1

... - Can groups replace one another simply by reproductive success?? - First, it would have to be recognized by it's contradiction with organismal selection. - (Sacrifice of fitness at the population level with increase at the level of the group). - Altruism is an obvious example - sacrifice reproducti ...
ppt
ppt

... but don't produce much energy for the cell. They reproduce fast in a cell. - In small populations of yeast, where selection at the organismal level is weak, there is no cost to the cell to reproducing slowly and the parasitic ...
2. Natural Selection - Seyed Hassan Hosseini, Professor
2. Natural Selection - Seyed Hassan Hosseini, Professor

... It may be said that natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinizing, throughout the world, every variation, even the slightest; rejecting that which is bad, preserving and adding up all that is good; silently and insensibly working, whenever and wherever opportunity offers, at the improvement of ...
Word - The Open University
Word - The Open University

... to grow up alongside the Human Genome Project. If we know so much about all these genes, surely we can use this knowledge to try to treat some diseases in which genes are involved at a fundamental level? But what exactly is gene therapy, and where is the work heading? Just looking at the two words c ...
Fodor vs Darwin_ pe_10_6 - Philsci
Fodor vs Darwin_ pe_10_6 - Philsci

... Fisher’s principle has often been celebrated as one of the most remarkable achievements of evolutionary biology (Edwards, 1998). This is so not only because it successfully explains the observed 1:1 sex ratio in most species but also because it implies the empirically confirmed prediction that if in ...
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The Selfish Gene

The Selfish Gene is a book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. It builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's first book Adaptation and Natural Selection. Dawkins used the term ""selfish gene"" as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularising ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others. From the gene-centred view follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other. This should not be confused with misuse of the term along the lines of a selfishness gene.An organism is expected to evolve to maximise its inclusive fitness—the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual). As a result, populations will tend towards an evolutionarily stable strategy. The book also coins the term meme for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene, suggesting that such ""selfish"" replication may also model human culture, in a different sense. Memetics has become the subject of many studies since the publication of the book.In the foreword to the book's 30th-anniversary edition, Dawkins said he ""can readily see that [the book's title] might give an inadequate impression of its contents"" and in retrospect thinks he should have taken Tom Maschler's advice and called the book The Immortal Gene.
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