- Wiley Online Library
... In theory, parthenogenetic lineages have low evolutionary potential because they inexorably accumulate deleterious mutations and do not generate much genotypic diversity. As a result, most parthenogenetic taxa occupy the terminal nodes of phylogenetic trees. The rate and mode of development of parth ...
... In theory, parthenogenetic lineages have low evolutionary potential because they inexorably accumulate deleterious mutations and do not generate much genotypic diversity. As a result, most parthenogenetic taxa occupy the terminal nodes of phylogenetic trees. The rate and mode of development of parth ...
Two different KIT mutations may lead to different responses to
... However, immunochemistry of CD34, Dog-1, chromogranin, CD56a, CD99, S100, and HMB45 was negative. Despite imatinib dose escalation (800 mg/day) and palliative radiotherapy, the patient died after 3 weeks due to disease progression. In this case, primary gastric GIST showed deletion and insertion at ...
... However, immunochemistry of CD34, Dog-1, chromogranin, CD56a, CD99, S100, and HMB45 was negative. Despite imatinib dose escalation (800 mg/day) and palliative radiotherapy, the patient died after 3 weeks due to disease progression. In this case, primary gastric GIST showed deletion and insertion at ...
Population genetics is based on statistical models: “A model is an
... Note that Nes > 1 does not guarantee that an allele is going to be fixed, it simply indicates that (as a long term average) the frequency that it is fixed will be greater than the frequency under genetic drift alone. ...
... Note that Nes > 1 does not guarantee that an allele is going to be fixed, it simply indicates that (as a long term average) the frequency that it is fixed will be greater than the frequency under genetic drift alone. ...
PDF+Links
... APOE*4 non-carriers. The APP gene encodes a polypeptide of up to 770 amino acids which is probably involved in nuclear signaling (Selkoe, 1998). According to the “amyloid cascade hypothesis”, abnormalities of APP metabolism with subsequent b-amyloid (Ab) generation play a central role in the pathoge ...
... APOE*4 non-carriers. The APP gene encodes a polypeptide of up to 770 amino acids which is probably involved in nuclear signaling (Selkoe, 1998). According to the “amyloid cascade hypothesis”, abnormalities of APP metabolism with subsequent b-amyloid (Ab) generation play a central role in the pathoge ...
Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment
... To evaluate the foxes for tameness, we give them a series of tests. When a pup is one month old, an experimenter offers it food from his hand while trying to stroke and handle the pup. The pups are tested twice, once in a cage and once while moving freely with other pups in an enclosure, where they ...
... To evaluate the foxes for tameness, we give them a series of tests. When a pup is one month old, an experimenter offers it food from his hand while trying to stroke and handle the pup. The pups are tested twice, once in a cage and once while moving freely with other pups in an enclosure, where they ...
Pedigree Worksheet - Mr. Rows` Science Page
... (Both parents could be heterozygous) Males and females are equally likely to be affected. X-link Recessive: An affected individual may not have an affected parent. Males are more likely to be affected than females. Males also cannot be carriers of the recessive gene. (If they have the X-linked gene, ...
... (Both parents could be heterozygous) Males and females are equally likely to be affected. X-link Recessive: An affected individual may not have an affected parent. Males are more likely to be affected than females. Males also cannot be carriers of the recessive gene. (If they have the X-linked gene, ...
Evolutionary Mechanisims and Hardy
... Because p + q = 1.0, the frequency of the red allele (q) must also be 0.5 if there are only two colour alleles in this population. 2. SAMPLING: Sampling with replacement: After removing a bead from the bag and recording the colour (representing the genotype of one individual), replace the bead befor ...
... Because p + q = 1.0, the frequency of the red allele (q) must also be 0.5 if there are only two colour alleles in this population. 2. SAMPLING: Sampling with replacement: After removing a bead from the bag and recording the colour (representing the genotype of one individual), replace the bead befor ...
Genetic and Epigenetic Aspects of Polyploid Evolution in Plants
... has sparked interest in biologists for over a century. The question of the degree to which polyploidy is evolutionarily advantageous, as evidenced by increased fitness, has been experimentally tested in some cases, but definitive answers are still lacking [Madlung, 2013]. It is now well established ...
... has sparked interest in biologists for over a century. The question of the degree to which polyploidy is evolutionarily advantageous, as evidenced by increased fitness, has been experimentally tested in some cases, but definitive answers are still lacking [Madlung, 2013]. It is now well established ...
Malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6
... and stained within 1-2 min of incubation with the reaction mixture. Although 3 groups were delineated separately by both MDH and G6PDH, both enzymes should be used at present to cluster isolates. A. actinomycetemcomitans grows poorly, and colonies sometimes adhere strongly to the agar making the har ...
... and stained within 1-2 min of incubation with the reaction mixture. Although 3 groups were delineated separately by both MDH and G6PDH, both enzymes should be used at present to cluster isolates. A. actinomycetemcomitans grows poorly, and colonies sometimes adhere strongly to the agar making the har ...
Analysing thousands of bacterial genomes: gene annotation
... Escherichia_coli_K_12_substr__MG1655_uid57779), we use bbh (Bi-directional Best Hit) approach. BBH detect all bi-directional best hits (from genome-blast result) between each protein of the query genome and each genome of the reference taxon. The result is a table with one row per bbh, with differen ...
... Escherichia_coli_K_12_substr__MG1655_uid57779), we use bbh (Bi-directional Best Hit) approach. BBH detect all bi-directional best hits (from genome-blast result) between each protein of the query genome and each genome of the reference taxon. The result is a table with one row per bbh, with differen ...
Detection of Five Rare Cystic Fibrosis Mutations Peculiar to
... and R1162X are frequent in Northeastern Italy (5 ). Consequently, to be able to provide the molecular analysis of CF for diagnostic purposes, laboratories must know the most frequent mutations in an individual’s ethnic group. Mutation mapping is fundamental for “cascade” screenings of CF families (6 ...
... and R1162X are frequent in Northeastern Italy (5 ). Consequently, to be able to provide the molecular analysis of CF for diagnostic purposes, laboratories must know the most frequent mutations in an individual’s ethnic group. Mutation mapping is fundamental for “cascade” screenings of CF families (6 ...
The American Naturalist
... This is interesting, because in such cases, males have more to gain from mate choice in terms of indirect genetic benefits than do females. Also note that nongenetic maternal effects on offspring performance are commonly very large, and they inflate the maternal variance component further (e.g., Hun ...
... This is interesting, because in such cases, males have more to gain from mate choice in terms of indirect genetic benefits than do females. Also note that nongenetic maternal effects on offspring performance are commonly very large, and they inflate the maternal variance component further (e.g., Hun ...
Genetic Algorithms
... Choose n random crossover points Split along those points Glue parts, alternating between parents Generalisation of 1 point (still some positional bias) ...
... Choose n random crossover points Split along those points Glue parts, alternating between parents Generalisation of 1 point (still some positional bias) ...
Quantitative Traits Modes of Selection
... http://home-supplies.best-emporium.com/cat-125/Cleaning-Sanitation/Cleaning-Chemicals/Rodenticide-Insecticides ...
... http://home-supplies.best-emporium.com/cat-125/Cleaning-Sanitation/Cleaning-Chemicals/Rodenticide-Insecticides ...
Near Neutrality, Rate Heterogeneity, and Linkage Govern
... St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome figures prominently in evolutionary investigations of vertebrate animals due to a suite of characteristics that include absence of Darwinian selection, high mutation rate, and inheritance as a single linkage group. Giv ...
... St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome figures prominently in evolutionary investigations of vertebrate animals due to a suite of characteristics that include absence of Darwinian selection, high mutation rate, and inheritance as a single linkage group. Giv ...
Prokaryotic Evolution in Light of Gene Transfer
... lethal viruses and parasitic genetic elements, such as restriction-modification systems [Arber 1979]) should exist in prokaryotes. For animals that must recombine to reproduce, selection disfavors interspecific matings which, almost by definition, produce unfit or no progeny. In contrast, even the m ...
... lethal viruses and parasitic genetic elements, such as restriction-modification systems [Arber 1979]) should exist in prokaryotes. For animals that must recombine to reproduce, selection disfavors interspecific matings which, almost by definition, produce unfit or no progeny. In contrast, even the m ...
Population Genetics
... constant and fairly high. In nature, reproductive populations may go through periods of greatly reduced numbers. This can occur through natural events, such as dispersal of a few individuals to a new habitat like an island, or disease. These “bottlenecks” can also happen through man-made destruction ...
... constant and fairly high. In nature, reproductive populations may go through periods of greatly reduced numbers. This can occur through natural events, such as dispersal of a few individuals to a new habitat like an island, or disease. These “bottlenecks” can also happen through man-made destruction ...
Cnidaria: Introduction
... Cnidarians are ubiquitous in the marine environment, occurring from the Arctic to Antarctic and from the intertidal to 10,710 m, the depth record held by the hadal tubeforming sea anemone Galatheanthemum (see Belyaev and Sololova 1960). The cnidarian component of the marine gelatinous zooplankton c ...
... Cnidarians are ubiquitous in the marine environment, occurring from the Arctic to Antarctic and from the intertidal to 10,710 m, the depth record held by the hadal tubeforming sea anemone Galatheanthemum (see Belyaev and Sololova 1960). The cnidarian component of the marine gelatinous zooplankton c ...
Recombination
... length. In humans, for example, the total female, male, and sex-averaged lengths of the final maps have been estimated to be 44, 27, and 35 Morgans (1M=100cM), respectively Sexspecific genetic maps thus differ by almost a factor of two. Sex-linkage is clade specific. In the small tailed-opposum Mono ...
... length. In humans, for example, the total female, male, and sex-averaged lengths of the final maps have been estimated to be 44, 27, and 35 Morgans (1M=100cM), respectively Sexspecific genetic maps thus differ by almost a factor of two. Sex-linkage is clade specific. In the small tailed-opposum Mono ...
Population Genetics
... constant and fairly high. In nature, reproductive populations may go through periods of greatly reduced numbers. This can occur through natural events, such as dispersal of a few individuals to a new habitat like an island, or disease. These “bottlenecks” can also happen through man-made destruction ...
... constant and fairly high. In nature, reproductive populations may go through periods of greatly reduced numbers. This can occur through natural events, such as dispersal of a few individuals to a new habitat like an island, or disease. These “bottlenecks” can also happen through man-made destruction ...
Appendices: Cluster 1 Reproduction
... Genes for sex-linked traits are located on the X-chromosome. A heterozygous female (XH Xh) has a 50/50 chance that her egg cells will receive either an XH or an Xh during meiosis. Normal males have the genotype XHY. The chances that their sperm cells will receive either XH or Y during meiosis are 50 ...
... Genes for sex-linked traits are located on the X-chromosome. A heterozygous female (XH Xh) has a 50/50 chance that her egg cells will receive either an XH or an Xh during meiosis. Normal males have the genotype XHY. The chances that their sperm cells will receive either XH or Y during meiosis are 50 ...
Landscape genetics
... Here we will focus on microsatellites as they have been the mainstay for landscape genetics work since its inception; only recently have SNPs offered an alternative and potentially more powerful approach for quantifying the genetic differences between individuals. A microsatellite is a highly variab ...
... Here we will focus on microsatellites as they have been the mainstay for landscape genetics work since its inception; only recently have SNPs offered an alternative and potentially more powerful approach for quantifying the genetic differences between individuals. A microsatellite is a highly variab ...
Evolutionary dynamics of the genomic region around the
... U.S.cultivars (D=1.41409, D*=1.53348, and F*=1.72883, P<0.05), consistent with the fact that ...
... U.S.cultivars (D=1.41409, D*=1.53348, and F*=1.72883, P<0.05), consistent with the fact that ...
An Analytical Model for a Short-term Advantage for Sex
... Suppose individuals are haploid with one of two alternative alleles at each of N loci; each allele matches one of the two values of the corresponding binary patch variable. Let the Jimess of any individual, with respect to a certain patch, be the number of loci at which her allele matches the patch ...
... Suppose individuals are haploid with one of two alternative alleles at each of N loci; each allele matches one of the two values of the corresponding binary patch variable. Let the Jimess of any individual, with respect to a certain patch, be the number of loci at which her allele matches the patch ...
The Inheritance of Phenotypes: an Adaptation to
... (b) there is a lag period before the adaptive response is manifest, and this lag causes a selective stress on the organism. (This could happen either because the stimulus for transition is rare or absent, or because the transition to an active state takes a long time.) Phenotypic transmission can be ...
... (b) there is a lag period before the adaptive response is manifest, and this lag causes a selective stress on the organism. (This could happen either because the stimulus for transition is rare or absent, or because the transition to an active state takes a long time.) Phenotypic transmission can be ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.