1 Supplemental Figure legends: Supplemental Figure 1
... significance are indicated (one asterisk * indicates p < 0.05, two asterisks ** indicate p < 0.01, three asterisks *** indicate p < 0.001). A) Flies carrying one copy of the wild type human UASalpha synuclein gene (UAS-Syn) (Feany and Bender, 2000) or one copy of the 30Y-Gal4 driver had intact short ...
... significance are indicated (one asterisk * indicates p < 0.05, two asterisks ** indicate p < 0.01, three asterisks *** indicate p < 0.001). A) Flies carrying one copy of the wild type human UASalpha synuclein gene (UAS-Syn) (Feany and Bender, 2000) or one copy of the 30Y-Gal4 driver had intact short ...
Microbial endemism: does phosphorus limitation enhance speciation?
... biological capabilities, much like the macrobiota of Darwin’s Galapagos Islands. As a primary example of such a system, we highlight key discoveries from the Cuatro Ciénegas basin in Mexico. We argue that high microbial endemism requires a combination of geographical isolation, long-term continuity ...
... biological capabilities, much like the macrobiota of Darwin’s Galapagos Islands. As a primary example of such a system, we highlight key discoveries from the Cuatro Ciénegas basin in Mexico. We argue that high microbial endemism requires a combination of geographical isolation, long-term continuity ...
Genetic loads under fitness
... but it is closely approximated within several hundred generations. Therefore, each simulation was run for at least 300 generations or until the change in mean fitness between generations was less than 10)4, whichever took longer. In several cases, computer simulations were also run from an initial s ...
... but it is closely approximated within several hundred generations. Therefore, each simulation was run for at least 300 generations or until the change in mean fitness between generations was less than 10)4, whichever took longer. In several cases, computer simulations were also run from an initial s ...
article - British Academy
... form of underarm propulsion that is better described as a fling. Indeed, the ability to throw with precision, as a means of both attack and defence, may well have been necessary to ensure survival on the savanna, especially for a species previously restricted to a largely arboreal existence. Most pe ...
... form of underarm propulsion that is better described as a fling. Indeed, the ability to throw with precision, as a means of both attack and defence, may well have been necessary to ensure survival on the savanna, especially for a species previously restricted to a largely arboreal existence. Most pe ...
Gene affecting stature and body size in mammalian species
... infinite number of loci, each with infinitesimal effect, is not literally true but it ...
... infinite number of loci, each with infinitesimal effect, is not literally true but it ...
Signatures of Natural Selection and Ecological Differentiation in
... allele as the donor, so the acceptor and donors branch closely together on the gene tree (right; branch lengths not to scale), whereas the acceptor and donor cells share a much more distant common ancestor ...
... allele as the donor, so the acceptor and donors branch closely together on the gene tree (right; branch lengths not to scale), whereas the acceptor and donor cells share a much more distant common ancestor ...
Origin of Species - Evidence for the Evolutionary Model
... argument to design.” Flew also renounced naturalistic theories of evolution: It has become inordinately difficult even to begin to think about constructing a naturalistic theory of the evolution of that first reproducing organism. In Flew’s own words, he simply “had to go where the evidence leads.” ...
... argument to design.” Flew also renounced naturalistic theories of evolution: It has become inordinately difficult even to begin to think about constructing a naturalistic theory of the evolution of that first reproducing organism. In Flew’s own words, he simply “had to go where the evidence leads.” ...
Ecological speciation in phytophagous insects
... Fry, 2003). Such selection experiments might be particularly feasible in phytophagous insects with short generation times. Another point is that if fitness trade-offs ...
... Fry, 2003). Such selection experiments might be particularly feasible in phytophagous insects with short generation times. Another point is that if fitness trade-offs ...
seq.
... Paralogs: “deepest” bifurcation in molecular tree reflects gene duplication. The study of paralogs and their distribution in genomes provides clues on the way genomes evolved. Gen and genome duplication have emerged as the most important pathway to molecular innovation, including the evolution of de ...
... Paralogs: “deepest” bifurcation in molecular tree reflects gene duplication. The study of paralogs and their distribution in genomes provides clues on the way genomes evolved. Gen and genome duplication have emerged as the most important pathway to molecular innovation, including the evolution of de ...
A preliminary mutation analysis of phenylketonuria in southwest Iran
... In the present study, we described the molecular basis of PKU in a population from the southwest of Iran by analyzing mutations in PAH, and evaluating correlations between genotype and phenotype. The lack of standardized methods for the classification of HPA phenotypes can complicate the interpretat ...
... In the present study, we described the molecular basis of PKU in a population from the southwest of Iran by analyzing mutations in PAH, and evaluating correlations between genotype and phenotype. The lack of standardized methods for the classification of HPA phenotypes can complicate the interpretat ...
the loci of evolution: how predictable is genetic
... uncontroversial general theory of genetic evolution. Nonsynonymous mutations are predicted to contribute more to phenotypic evolution than synonymous mutations. There is, of course, a good reason for this prediction. Nonsynonymous mutations alter the amino-acid sequence and are thus likely to affect ...
... uncontroversial general theory of genetic evolution. Nonsynonymous mutations are predicted to contribute more to phenotypic evolution than synonymous mutations. There is, of course, a good reason for this prediction. Nonsynonymous mutations alter the amino-acid sequence and are thus likely to affect ...
THE LOCI OF EVOLUTION: HOW PREDICTABLE IS GENETIC
... uncontroversial general theory of genetic evolution. Nonsynonymous mutations are predicted to contribute more to phenotypic evolution than synonymous mutations. There is, of course, a good reason for this prediction. Nonsynonymous mutations alter the amino-acid sequence and are thus likely to affect ...
... uncontroversial general theory of genetic evolution. Nonsynonymous mutations are predicted to contribute more to phenotypic evolution than synonymous mutations. There is, of course, a good reason for this prediction. Nonsynonymous mutations alter the amino-acid sequence and are thus likely to affect ...
The Origin of Species
... • Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics • The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence ...
... • Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics • The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence ...
Novel SIL1 mutations cause cerebellar ataxia and
... and dysarthria were seen in our neurogenetics clinic. The older brother had global developmental delay and spastic paraplegia. Brain MRIs from these two affected individuals showed moderate to severe cerebellar atrophy. To identify the genetic basis for their disease, we conducted a whole exome sequ ...
... and dysarthria were seen in our neurogenetics clinic. The older brother had global developmental delay and spastic paraplegia. Brain MRIs from these two affected individuals showed moderate to severe cerebellar atrophy. To identify the genetic basis for their disease, we conducted a whole exome sequ ...
View PDF - Fungal diversity
... protocols must be far more tightly defined than is usually the case for fungal recording. One long-term solution to fungal diversity assessment may be development of formulas based on plant diversity and abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall, which could be used in conjunction with indica ...
... protocols must be far more tightly defined than is usually the case for fungal recording. One long-term solution to fungal diversity assessment may be development of formulas based on plant diversity and abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall, which could be used in conjunction with indica ...
Genotype to phenotype: lessons from model organisms
... How can we progress to a more complete understanding of the genetics of a disease? And why do even genetically identical individuals often substantially differ in phenotypic traits such as disease risk? The aim of this Review is to highlight recent work in model organisms that is relevant to both of ...
... How can we progress to a more complete understanding of the genetics of a disease? And why do even genetically identical individuals often substantially differ in phenotypic traits such as disease risk? The aim of this Review is to highlight recent work in model organisms that is relevant to both of ...
Population Genetics
... gametes into or out of our target population can change the proportions of alleles. (3) No net mutations. If one allele can mutate into another, the gene pool will be altered. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... gametes into or out of our target population can change the proportions of alleles. (3) No net mutations. If one allele can mutate into another, the gene pool will be altered. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Mutation rate and genome reduction in endosymbiotic and
... driven by genetic drift and thus is seen as a consequence of chance and mutational bias, which can be maladaptive. The intensity of genetic drift in a given species is determined by its effective population size Ne. When the product Ne 9 s is smaller than one—s being selection coefficient at a given ...
... driven by genetic drift and thus is seen as a consequence of chance and mutational bias, which can be maladaptive. The intensity of genetic drift in a given species is determined by its effective population size Ne. When the product Ne 9 s is smaller than one—s being selection coefficient at a given ...
Palaeontologia Electronica Extinction: Evolution and the End of Man
... formation billions of years ago. Chapter four examines disastrous extinctions of the past, focusing on the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions again and the demise of the dinosaurs. Chapter five describes Boulter's frustrations with scientists as they wrestle with species names. Chapter six outlines mor ...
... formation billions of years ago. Chapter four examines disastrous extinctions of the past, focusing on the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions again and the demise of the dinosaurs. Chapter five describes Boulter's frustrations with scientists as they wrestle with species names. Chapter six outlines mor ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... absence) profiles depending on their presence or absence in archaeal genomes. Gene clusters are considered independent of each other. We used a probabilistic birth–death model of gain and loss of genes to model the evolutionary dynamic of each gene cluster and to compute probabilities of presence/ a ...
... absence) profiles depending on their presence or absence in archaeal genomes. Gene clusters are considered independent of each other. We used a probabilistic birth–death model of gain and loss of genes to model the evolutionary dynamic of each gene cluster and to compute probabilities of presence/ a ...
zChap04_140901 - Online Open Genetics
... exposed to the mutagen because in all the cells every strand of DNA will be affected independently. Thus the induced mutations will be heterozygous and limited to single cells. However, what is most important to geneticists are the mutations in the germline of the mutagenized individuals. The germli ...
... exposed to the mutagen because in all the cells every strand of DNA will be affected independently. Thus the induced mutations will be heterozygous and limited to single cells. However, what is most important to geneticists are the mutations in the germline of the mutagenized individuals. The germli ...
PDF - Timetree.org
... containing the living lineages of spermatophytes. Magallón and Sanderson (29) conducted a study including all tracheophyte lineages, one liverwort and one charophycean outgroup, using the plastid protein-coding genes atpB, psaA, psbB, and rbcL. Ages were estimated with penalized likelihood, implemen ...
... containing the living lineages of spermatophytes. Magallón and Sanderson (29) conducted a study including all tracheophyte lineages, one liverwort and one charophycean outgroup, using the plastid protein-coding genes atpB, psaA, psbB, and rbcL. Ages were estimated with penalized likelihood, implemen ...
Genotype to phenotype: lessons from model organisms for human
... How can we progress to a more complete understanding of the genetics of a disease? And why do even genetically identical individuals often substantially differ in phenotypic traits such as disease risk? The aim of this Review is to highlight recent work in model organisms that is relevant to both of ...
... How can we progress to a more complete understanding of the genetics of a disease? And why do even genetically identical individuals often substantially differ in phenotypic traits such as disease risk? The aim of this Review is to highlight recent work in model organisms that is relevant to both of ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.