A new male-specific gene “OTOKOGI” in Pleodorina starrii
... In order to isolate sex-related genes from the colonial Volvocales, Nozaki et al. (2006a) used the newly established, heterothallic strains of Pleodorina starrii (Nozaki et al. 2006b), and degenerate PCR primers. They eventually succeeded in isolating a Pleodorina orthologue of the MID gene of Chlam ...
... In order to isolate sex-related genes from the colonial Volvocales, Nozaki et al. (2006a) used the newly established, heterothallic strains of Pleodorina starrii (Nozaki et al. 2006b), and degenerate PCR primers. They eventually succeeded in isolating a Pleodorina orthologue of the MID gene of Chlam ...
Genetics Study Guide KEY Genetics study guide
... 3. Why are dominant traits more likely to be seen in offspring of two heterozygous parents (Tt) than a recessive trait? There are three possible ways that an offspring will inherit the dominant phenotype. The genotypes TT, Tt, and tT all result in a dominant phenotype. There is only one allele combi ...
... 3. Why are dominant traits more likely to be seen in offspring of two heterozygous parents (Tt) than a recessive trait? There are three possible ways that an offspring will inherit the dominant phenotype. The genotypes TT, Tt, and tT all result in a dominant phenotype. There is only one allele combi ...
Lec3
... Sources of Phenotypic Variation Variation in a phenotypic character can have several sources other than those encoded in DNA sequences The environment directly affects the development or expression of many features: Permanent effects: environmental sex determination Temporary effects: enzyme induct ...
... Sources of Phenotypic Variation Variation in a phenotypic character can have several sources other than those encoded in DNA sequences The environment directly affects the development or expression of many features: Permanent effects: environmental sex determination Temporary effects: enzyme induct ...
introduction to drosophila genetics
... individual is a homozygote and is described as homozygous. If the alleles differ from each other, the individual is a heterozygote and is described as heterozygous . If the gene occurs on a sex chromosome, females may be either homozygous or heterozygous, but a male fly with only one allele at a lo ...
... individual is a homozygote and is described as homozygous. If the alleles differ from each other, the individual is a heterozygote and is described as heterozygous . If the gene occurs on a sex chromosome, females may be either homozygous or heterozygous, but a male fly with only one allele at a lo ...
asexual seed formation for agricultural crop improvement
... apomixis, sexual reproduction, meiosis, gametogenesis, next generation sequencing St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a medicinal plant that produces important metabolites with antidepressant and anticancer activities. Moreover, recently gained information has shown that it is also an attra ...
... apomixis, sexual reproduction, meiosis, gametogenesis, next generation sequencing St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a medicinal plant that produces important metabolites with antidepressant and anticancer activities. Moreover, recently gained information has shown that it is also an attra ...
Colonies Are Individuals: Revisiting the Superorganism Revival
... Colonies as Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting Rid of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Colonies as Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Getting Rid of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Bayesian analysis of genetic population structure using BAPS
... by integration w.r.t a prior probability distribution for them (product Dirichlet distribution). • From the perspective of statistical learning concerning the genetic structure, we are primarily interested in the conditional distribution of S given the marker data (i.e. the posterior), which is dete ...
... by integration w.r.t a prior probability distribution for them (product Dirichlet distribution). • From the perspective of statistical learning concerning the genetic structure, we are primarily interested in the conditional distribution of S given the marker data (i.e. the posterior), which is dete ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Evolution and Maintenance of
... duplication gives rise to new genes, some of which persist in the genome for long periods, whereas others are lost through deletion events or degenerate into pseudogenes. Accordingly, multigene family members evolve more or less independently and do not show high levels of nucleotide sequence homoge ...
... duplication gives rise to new genes, some of which persist in the genome for long periods, whereas others are lost through deletion events or degenerate into pseudogenes. Accordingly, multigene family members evolve more or less independently and do not show high levels of nucleotide sequence homoge ...
Human adaptation to altitude in the Andes
... researchers are sceptical of both the dating and the artefacts on which these claims are based (for a critical evaluation of the evidence for early occupancy of South America, see Lynch, 1990). On the basis of less contentious evidence, 12 000 years ago seems to be a reasonable estimate of the earli ...
... researchers are sceptical of both the dating and the artefacts on which these claims are based (for a critical evaluation of the evidence for early occupancy of South America, see Lynch, 1990). On the basis of less contentious evidence, 12 000 years ago seems to be a reasonable estimate of the earli ...
Adaptive Approaches Towards Better GA Performance in Dynamic
... In almost all simulations using GAs with populations of neural networks the fitness formula is fixed and decided by the researcher. Yet, the fitness formula should be let free to evolve as any other trait of the organisms without any necessary control from the researcher, since a moment of reflecti ...
... In almost all simulations using GAs with populations of neural networks the fitness formula is fixed and decided by the researcher. Yet, the fitness formula should be let free to evolve as any other trait of the organisms without any necessary control from the researcher, since a moment of reflecti ...
Genetics problems supplemental_KEY
... A. Since the shape alleles are incompletely dominant, which one of these root phenotypes is likely to occur for an Ee plant? 1) highly irregular knobby and bumpy roots; 2) oval-shaped roots, or 3) un-enlarged roots. Explain. The heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous dominant ...
... A. Since the shape alleles are incompletely dominant, which one of these root phenotypes is likely to occur for an Ee plant? 1) highly irregular knobby and bumpy roots; 2) oval-shaped roots, or 3) un-enlarged roots. Explain. The heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the homozygous dominant ...
Reproductive isolation and introgression between sympatric
... the phenotypes measured in QTL studies do not always contribute to reproductive isolation in natural populations. If, for example, local adaptation is often caused by conditionally neutral alleles (Hall et al. 2010; Fournier-Level et al. 2011; Leinonen et al. 2013), these loci may not remain diverge ...
... the phenotypes measured in QTL studies do not always contribute to reproductive isolation in natural populations. If, for example, local adaptation is often caused by conditionally neutral alleles (Hall et al. 2010; Fournier-Level et al. 2011; Leinonen et al. 2013), these loci may not remain diverge ...
Trevor Paterson and Andy Law
... Automatic integration and inference is possible over data represented as individuals of the ontology) ...
... Automatic integration and inference is possible over data represented as individuals of the ontology) ...
Untitled
... understand the mechanisms of inheritance. Mendel hypothesized about what the offspring of various pea plants would look like. From these experiments, he discovered the “Laws of Inheritance.” The Laws of Inheritance state that traits of the parents are passed to their offspring Mendel’s discoveries p ...
... understand the mechanisms of inheritance. Mendel hypothesized about what the offspring of various pea plants would look like. From these experiments, he discovered the “Laws of Inheritance.” The Laws of Inheritance state that traits of the parents are passed to their offspring Mendel’s discoveries p ...
julian huxley: developmental genetics and the theory of evolution
... Morgan was both an embryologist and a geneticist. As the saying goes, he had the map in his hands to the synthesis of the disciplines. In 1934, he published a book entitled Embryology and Genetics in which one chapter discusses embryology, and another genetics, and there simply was no connection bet ...
... Morgan was both an embryologist and a geneticist. As the saying goes, he had the map in his hands to the synthesis of the disciplines. In 1934, he published a book entitled Embryology and Genetics in which one chapter discusses embryology, and another genetics, and there simply was no connection bet ...
Prions: an evolutionary perspective
... hereditary processes in yeasts have demonstrated that certain proteins are able to transmit structural information and self-replication. This induces the corresponding conformational changes in other proteins with identical or similar sequences. This ability of proteins may have been very useful dur ...
... hereditary processes in yeasts have demonstrated that certain proteins are able to transmit structural information and self-replication. This induces the corresponding conformational changes in other proteins with identical or similar sequences. This ability of proteins may have been very useful dur ...
Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Equations The Hardy
... Total # of alleles in a population p+q=1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype (TT) 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype (Tt) q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (tt) -Can be counted in a population based on phenotype. Note: the frequency of heterozygotes i ...
... Total # of alleles in a population p+q=1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p2 = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype (TT) 2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype (Tt) q2 = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype (tt) -Can be counted in a population based on phenotype. Note: the frequency of heterozygotes i ...
NEURAL NETWORKS DESIGN USING GA WITH PLEIOTROPY
... The process of NN design for given task consists of four steps (Miller et al. 1989, Schafer et al. 1992): 1) task definition, 2) selection of NN architecture, 3) training, 4) evaluation of trained network. The second step of this process is still rather a matter of art, not the routinized task. A de ...
... The process of NN design for given task consists of four steps (Miller et al. 1989, Schafer et al. 1992): 1) task definition, 2) selection of NN architecture, 3) training, 4) evaluation of trained network. The second step of this process is still rather a matter of art, not the routinized task. A de ...
Intralocus Sexual Conflict
... of intralocus sexual conflict for the evolution of the sex chromosomes, sexual selection, and sex determination. Intralocus conflict helps to explain many of the peculiar features of the sex chromosomes and has shaped the functional bias and expression biases of sex-linked genes. The genomic distrib ...
... of intralocus sexual conflict for the evolution of the sex chromosomes, sexual selection, and sex determination. Intralocus conflict helps to explain many of the peculiar features of the sex chromosomes and has shaped the functional bias and expression biases of sex-linked genes. The genomic distrib ...
11/01/11 Mapping: By recombinant frequency. -
... Compared to other markers that have been used for genetic mapping, SNPs have two distinct advantages: 1) Unlike conventional marker mutations that cause visible phenotypes, SNPs in general have no associated phenotype. Thus, mutant phenotypes that are masked by conventional marker mutations, such as ...
... Compared to other markers that have been used for genetic mapping, SNPs have two distinct advantages: 1) Unlike conventional marker mutations that cause visible phenotypes, SNPs in general have no associated phenotype. Thus, mutant phenotypes that are masked by conventional marker mutations, such as ...
Spore Germination Determines Yeast Inbreeding according to
... that high-fitness environments would increase the probability of spore germination per unit time, so that spores in the same tetrad would be more likely to germinate at the same time and mate together. In contrast, if low-fitness environments reduce the probability of spore germination per unit time ...
... that high-fitness environments would increase the probability of spore germination per unit time, so that spores in the same tetrad would be more likely to germinate at the same time and mate together. In contrast, if low-fitness environments reduce the probability of spore germination per unit time ...
Lecture PPT - Carol Lee Lab
... Krai, Russia; a tooth and toe bone belonging to different members of the same species have since been found. This region was also inhabited at about the same time by Neanderthals and perhaps modern humans. Denisovans ranged from Siberia to Southeast Asia ...
... Krai, Russia; a tooth and toe bone belonging to different members of the same species have since been found. This region was also inhabited at about the same time by Neanderthals and perhaps modern humans. Denisovans ranged from Siberia to Southeast Asia ...
Theories of Human Development
... – Sex detected by ultrasound by end of 3rd month – Kicks and movements strong enough to be felt – Organ systems mature rapidly during final 3 months ...
... – Sex detected by ultrasound by end of 3rd month – Kicks and movements strong enough to be felt – Organ systems mature rapidly during final 3 months ...
Koinophilia
Koinophilia is an evolutionary hypothesis concerning sexual selection which proposes that animals seeking mate preferentially choose individuals with a minimum of unusual features. Koinophilia intends to explain the clustering of organisms into species and other issues described by Darwin's Dilemma. The term derives from the Greek, koinos, ""the usual"", and philos, ""fondness"".Natural selection causes beneficial inherited features to become more common and eventually replace their disadvantageous counterparts. A sexually-reproducing animal would be expected to avoid individuals with unusual features, and to prefer to mate with individuals displaying a predominance of common or average features. This means that mates displaying mutant features are also avoided. This is advantageous because most mutations that manifest themselves as changes in appearance, functionality or behavior, are disadvantageous. Because it is impossible to judge whether a new mutation is beneficial or not, koinophilic animals avoid them all, at the cost of avoiding the occasional beneficial mutation. Thus, koinophilia, although not infallible in its ability to distinguish fit from unfit mates, is a good strategy when choosing a mate. A koinophilic choice ensures that offspring are likely to inherit features that have been successful in the past.Koinophilia differs from assortative mating, where ""like prefers like"". If like preferred like, leucistic animals (such as white peacocks) would be sexually attracted to one another, and a leucistic subspecies would come into being. Koinophilia predicts that this is unlikely because leucistic animals are attracted to the average in the same way as other animals. Since non-leucistic animals are not attracted by leucism, few leucistic individuals find mates, and leucistic lineages will rarely form.Koinophilia provides simple explanations for the rarity of speciation (in particular Darwin's Dilemma), evolutionary stasis, punctuated equilibria, and the evolution of cooperation. Koinophilia might also contribute to the maintenance of sexual reproduction, preventing its reversion to the much simpler and inherently more advantageous asexual form of reproduction.The koinophilia hypothesis is supported by research into the physical attractiveness of human faces by Judith Langlois and her co-workers. They found that the average of two human faces was more attractive than either of the faces from which that average was derived. The more faces (of the same gender and age) that were used in the averaging process the more attractive and appealing the average face became. This work into averageness supports koinophilia as an explanation of what constitutes a beautiful face, and how the individuality of a face is recognized.