The Rock Cycle
... Convection involves the movement of currents (usually circular) within fluids (liquids and gasses) as a result of density and/or temperature gradients within the fluid. The effects of convection are clearly seen in soup when material bubbles to to surface in certain areas and is seen to be carried d ...
... Convection involves the movement of currents (usually circular) within fluids (liquids and gasses) as a result of density and/or temperature gradients within the fluid. The effects of convection are clearly seen in soup when material bubbles to to surface in certain areas and is seen to be carried d ...
Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath
... of the high-frequency data (Abers and Roecker, 1991; Bijwaard et al., 1998; Kárason and van der Hilst, 2000). Each block in the grid used in the inversion consists of one or more base blocks of 45 km × 0.7◦ × 0.7◦ . The total number of free parameters (that is, the sampled irregular blocks and the ...
... of the high-frequency data (Abers and Roecker, 1991; Bijwaard et al., 1998; Kárason and van der Hilst, 2000). Each block in the grid used in the inversion consists of one or more base blocks of 45 km × 0.7◦ × 0.7◦ . The total number of free parameters (that is, the sampled irregular blocks and the ...
Dynamic topography above retreating subduction zones
... segment of the African slab. The trench currently moves southwestward at ⬃35–40 mm yr⫺1 (McClusky et al., 2003). The Aegean upper plate consists of thinned continental crust, although arc-parallel extensional structures are no longer very active. In the southern part of the Aegean Sea, the Cretan tr ...
... segment of the African slab. The trench currently moves southwestward at ⬃35–40 mm yr⫺1 (McClusky et al., 2003). The Aegean upper plate consists of thinned continental crust, although arc-parallel extensional structures are no longer very active. In the southern part of the Aegean Sea, the Cretan tr ...
Earth`s+Layers+Worksheet+PowerPoint
... Mantle is the thickest layer Outer edge is cool and rigid Contains asthenosphere & part of lithosphere ...
... Mantle is the thickest layer Outer edge is cool and rigid Contains asthenosphere & part of lithosphere ...
Chapter 17: Plate Tectonics
... maps of the seafloor. You’ll learn more about magnetism and how it supports the hypothesis of continental drift later in this section. ...
... maps of the seafloor. You’ll learn more about magnetism and how it supports the hypothesis of continental drift later in this section. ...
Magma Ascent and Emplacement Topics Magma Generation
... • Age extends through the Mesozoic (>130 my) ...
... • Age extends through the Mesozoic (>130 my) ...
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
... from a high MgO and CaO primary magma will not only have low contents of CaO, but they will also be low in SiO2. This is in contrast to observed high MgO lavas that contain both low CaO and high SiO2. Therefore, some other process is controlling the substantial ...
... from a high MgO and CaO primary magma will not only have low contents of CaO, but they will also be low in SiO2. This is in contrast to observed high MgO lavas that contain both low CaO and high SiO2. Therefore, some other process is controlling the substantial ...
Imaging the mantle transition zone beneath eastern and central
... transition-zone structure beneath the eastern and central China. Our primary goal is to seek better understanding of the long-standing question on the role that the Pacific subduction has been playing in determining the western front of the extension regime. The new dataset and seismic images, on the ...
... transition-zone structure beneath the eastern and central China. Our primary goal is to seek better understanding of the long-standing question on the role that the Pacific subduction has been playing in determining the western front of the extension regime. The new dataset and seismic images, on the ...
Earthquakes - cloudfront.net
... The energy from earthquakes travels in waves. The study of seismic waves is known as seismology . Seismologists use seismic waves to learn about earthquakes and also to learn about the Earth’s interior. Seismic waves travel outward in all directions from where the ground breaks and are picked up by ...
... The energy from earthquakes travels in waves. The study of seismic waves is known as seismology . Seismologists use seismic waves to learn about earthquakes and also to learn about the Earth’s interior. Seismic waves travel outward in all directions from where the ground breaks and are picked up by ...
(2016). A joint local and teleseismic tomography study of
... factors that contribute to the velocity anomalies: temperature variations, the presence of fluids, and changes in composition. In general, Vs is more sensitive to changes in these variables than Vp. In our study, any causative set of conditions will have to account for Vp and Vs anomalies with simila ...
... factors that contribute to the velocity anomalies: temperature variations, the presence of fluids, and changes in composition. In general, Vs is more sensitive to changes in these variables than Vp. In our study, any causative set of conditions will have to account for Vp and Vs anomalies with simila ...
The thermochemical structure and evolution of Earth`s mantle
... unmixed islands may remain. Non-Newtonian rheology, which is thought to be important in the upper mantle (Karato & Wu 1993), may somewhat inhibit mixing (Ten et al . 1998). The rate at which blobs of anomalous (e.g. primitive) material are stretched Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2002) ...
... unmixed islands may remain. Non-Newtonian rheology, which is thought to be important in the upper mantle (Karato & Wu 1993), may somewhat inhibit mixing (Ten et al . 1998). The rate at which blobs of anomalous (e.g. primitive) material are stretched Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A (2002) ...
The meteorologist who started a revolution - Whitlock-Science
... Fossils and geologic evidence show that most of the continents used to have startlingly different climates. Wegener thought continental drift was the key to these climatic puzzles, so he and Vladimir Koppen plotted ancient deserts, jungles, and ice sheets on paleographic maps based on Wegener's the ...
... Fossils and geologic evidence show that most of the continents used to have startlingly different climates. Wegener thought continental drift was the key to these climatic puzzles, so he and Vladimir Koppen plotted ancient deserts, jungles, and ice sheets on paleographic maps based on Wegener's the ...
Melt generation in the continental crust: answered and unanswered
... temperature for constant-enthalpy assimilation of upper amphibolite-facics rocks into an equal mass of basaltic melt at its liquidus temperature, and also because this is approximately the maximum temperature recorded in mafic granulites which are believed to represent the deep crustal environ- ...
... temperature for constant-enthalpy assimilation of upper amphibolite-facics rocks into an equal mass of basaltic melt at its liquidus temperature, and also because this is approximately the maximum temperature recorded in mafic granulites which are believed to represent the deep crustal environ- ...
Contemporary stress field in the area of the 2016 Amatrice seismic
... to about 7 km/s in the Apennines, whereas in the foredeep Vp is about 2 km/s reaching maximum values of ~5 km/s. Vp increases with depth irregularly with many inversions, like the abrupt increase around 1.5 km in well CC and the low velocity zone at about 5.5 km in V well. The few available data do ...
... to about 7 km/s in the Apennines, whereas in the foredeep Vp is about 2 km/s reaching maximum values of ~5 km/s. Vp increases with depth irregularly with many inversions, like the abrupt increase around 1.5 km in well CC and the low velocity zone at about 5.5 km in V well. The few available data do ...
Mantle flow through the Northern Cordilleran slab window revealed
... Approximately one-third of the present-day American Cordillera, from eastern Alaska to the Antarctic Peninsula, is underlain by slab windows (Fig. 1), all of which have contributed to variations in igneous and tectonic conditions in the continental margin. Two of the intersections occurred beneath N ...
... Approximately one-third of the present-day American Cordillera, from eastern Alaska to the Antarctic Peninsula, is underlain by slab windows (Fig. 1), all of which have contributed to variations in igneous and tectonic conditions in the continental margin. Two of the intersections occurred beneath N ...
Document
... •Many injuries from earthquakes during the night come from cut feet. Keep a pair of old shoes under your bed just in case! •It is likely that emergency help may not be available for over 72 hours following a damaging earthquake, so you should have enough water and food stored in an earthquake kit. • ...
... •Many injuries from earthquakes during the night come from cut feet. Keep a pair of old shoes under your bed just in case! •It is likely that emergency help may not be available for over 72 hours following a damaging earthquake, so you should have enough water and food stored in an earthquake kit. • ...
Whole-mantle convection and plate tectonics
... is the type most commonly encountered in other situations, and most often studied. In the second, the buoyancy forces are concentrated in a small part of the fluid; for example, in a cold descending ‘slab’ or a hot ascending plume. The cold descending slab model is similar to that proposed by Elsass ...
... is the type most commonly encountered in other situations, and most often studied. In the second, the buoyancy forces are concentrated in a small part of the fluid; for example, in a cold descending ‘slab’ or a hot ascending plume. The cold descending slab model is similar to that proposed by Elsass ...
Earthquakes: Causes and Measurements
... be generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions, and sudden slippage along faults. Earthquakes are definitely a geologic hazard for those living in earthquake prone areas, but the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are invaluable for studying the interior of the Earth. Origin of Earthquakes Most ...
... be generated by bomb blasts, volcanic eruptions, and sudden slippage along faults. Earthquakes are definitely a geologic hazard for those living in earthquake prone areas, but the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are invaluable for studying the interior of the Earth. Origin of Earthquakes Most ...
visualization 3: earthquakes at divergent plate
... ‘Quakes Question’ requires them to synthesize ideas from this visualization and from ‘Visualization 2: Earthquakes and Convergent Plate Boundaries.’ In addition, ‘ConcepTest’ questions can also be used to assess whether students have met the goals of the activity. Because this activity provides a hi ...
... ‘Quakes Question’ requires them to synthesize ideas from this visualization and from ‘Visualization 2: Earthquakes and Convergent Plate Boundaries.’ In addition, ‘ConcepTest’ questions can also be used to assess whether students have met the goals of the activity. Because this activity provides a hi ...
Plate Tectonics
... Continental Drift – Ex: Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus (ancient freshwater reptiles) now separated by an ocean ...
... Continental Drift – Ex: Mesosaurus and Lystrosaurus (ancient freshwater reptiles) now separated by an ocean ...
PDF - Geological Society of America
... the NCB and the northeastern part of the SCB. Station locations are shown in Figure 1 and are listed in Table S1 (see the GSA Supplemental Data Repository1). In order to observe distinct, high signal-to-noise ratio shear wave phases, we systematically selected seismic events with magnitudes (MW) lar ...
... the NCB and the northeastern part of the SCB. Station locations are shown in Figure 1 and are listed in Table S1 (see the GSA Supplemental Data Repository1). In order to observe distinct, high signal-to-noise ratio shear wave phases, we systematically selected seismic events with magnitudes (MW) lar ...
Plate Tectonics Review with Answers Rich Text
... a. new material is being added to the asthenosphere b. earthquakes break apart the ocean floor c. sediments accumulate at the area of spreading d. molten material beneath Earth's crust rises to the surface ANS: D When the seafloor spreads, the mantle below melts and forms magma. Because magma is les ...
... a. new material is being added to the asthenosphere b. earthquakes break apart the ocean floor c. sediments accumulate at the area of spreading d. molten material beneath Earth's crust rises to the surface ANS: D When the seafloor spreads, the mantle below melts and forms magma. Because magma is les ...
Plate tectonics
... boundary. Plate boundaries are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the creation of topographic features such as mountains, volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, and oceanic trenches. The majority of the world’s active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries, with the Pacific Plat ...
... boundary. Plate boundaries are commonly associated with geological events such as earthquakes and the creation of topographic features such as mountains, volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, and oceanic trenches. The majority of the world’s active volcanoes occur along plate boundaries, with the Pacific Plat ...
04 Earth`s Dynamic Surface
... 1. Tectonic plates move at a rate of several (meters/centimeters) per year. 2. Scientists use a network of (satellites/ships) to track tectonic plate positions. 3. Density is the amount of (matter/pressure) per unit of volume. 4. When a fluid is heated, its molecules (contract/spread out). 5. Convec ...
... 1. Tectonic plates move at a rate of several (meters/centimeters) per year. 2. Scientists use a network of (satellites/ships) to track tectonic plate positions. 3. Density is the amount of (matter/pressure) per unit of volume. 4. When a fluid is heated, its molecules (contract/spread out). 5. Convec ...
Post-glacial rebound
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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.