I. Lesson 1: Modeling the Earth--Motion Mock-Ups
... Please note that the “What you have learned” column of the table will be filled out at the end of the lesson. We phrase this as “What you think you know” so that we can accept all knowledge, but come back and check our thinking after research. Some possible answers for the “What you think you know” ...
... Please note that the “What you have learned” column of the table will be filled out at the end of the lesson. We phrase this as “What you think you know” so that we can accept all knowledge, but come back and check our thinking after research. Some possible answers for the “What you think you know” ...
Earthquakes
... a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the middle. fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or The stress force called compression squeezes rock down motion. until it folds or breaks. A fold inthat rock that bends upward into is an Stress pushes a mass of rock in an twoarch oppo ...
... a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the middle. fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or The stress force called compression squeezes rock down motion. until it folds or breaks. A fold inthat rock that bends upward into is an Stress pushes a mass of rock in an twoarch oppo ...
Tectonics of the lower mantle
... Ocean. Anisotropy refers to directional variations in seismic speed at a given point and may result from the preferred alignment of minerals, oriented inclusions, or layering; it is likely that more than one of these mechanisms may be operating at one time. Such effects are caused by deformation pro ...
... Ocean. Anisotropy refers to directional variations in seismic speed at a given point and may result from the preferred alignment of minerals, oriented inclusions, or layering; it is likely that more than one of these mechanisms may be operating at one time. Such effects are caused by deformation pro ...
All About Earthquakes: The Science Behind Earthquakes
... to rise to the ground surface, slope failures, nearly level ground to shift laterally tens of feet (lateral spreading), surface subsidence, ground cracking, and sand blows. Why is liquefaction a concern? Liquefaction has caused significant property damage in many earthquakes around the world, and is ...
... to rise to the ground surface, slope failures, nearly level ground to shift laterally tens of feet (lateral spreading), surface subsidence, ground cracking, and sand blows. Why is liquefaction a concern? Liquefaction has caused significant property damage in many earthquakes around the world, and is ...
Chapter 16. Island Arc Magmatism
... Figure 16-6. a. K2O-SiO2 diagram distinguishing high-K, medium-K and low-K series. Large squares = high-K, stars = med.-K, diamonds = low-K series from Table 16-2. Smaller symbols are identified in the caption. Differentiation within a series (presumably dominated by fractional crystallization) is ...
... Figure 16-6. a. K2O-SiO2 diagram distinguishing high-K, medium-K and low-K series. Large squares = high-K, stars = med.-K, diamonds = low-K series from Table 16-2. Smaller symbols are identified in the caption. Differentiation within a series (presumably dominated by fractional crystallization) is ...
The viscosity of Earthв€™s lower mantle inferred from sinking speed
... and sea level change, heat flow, or dynamic surface topography (e.g. Ricard and Vigny, 1989; Pari and Peltier, 1995; Forte and Mitrovica, 1996; Panasyuk and Hager, 2000; Steinberger and Calderwood, 2006). These studies resulted in quite a range of viscosity– depth profiles possibly reflecting the weak ...
... and sea level change, heat flow, or dynamic surface topography (e.g. Ricard and Vigny, 1989; Pari and Peltier, 1995; Forte and Mitrovica, 1996; Panasyuk and Hager, 2000; Steinberger and Calderwood, 2006). These studies resulted in quite a range of viscosity– depth profiles possibly reflecting the weak ...
The rise Tibetan - Oxford Academic
... the lower part of the thickened lithosphere can detach from the overlying colder part and sink into the asthenosphere, the removal of that load of relatively heavy material will alter the isostatic balance. The rest will rise, roughly 1 to perhaps as much as 2.5 km for Tibet, depending upon how much ...
... the lower part of the thickened lithosphere can detach from the overlying colder part and sink into the asthenosphere, the removal of that load of relatively heavy material will alter the isostatic balance. The rest will rise, roughly 1 to perhaps as much as 2.5 km for Tibet, depending upon how much ...
UseIT Tutorial # 3 Earthquakes in the Southern California Fault
... A new fence is built across the alreadydeformed land. TIME 4 The rupture displaces the fault, lowering the stress. The elastic rebound straightens the rock wall, but the fence exhibits a reverse curve. ...
... A new fence is built across the alreadydeformed land. TIME 4 The rupture displaces the fault, lowering the stress. The elastic rebound straightens the rock wall, but the fence exhibits a reverse curve. ...
Tutorial_3_2011
... A new fence is built across the alreadydeformed land. TIME 4 The rupture displaces the fault, lowering the stress. The elastic rebound straightens the rock wall, but the fence exhibits a reverse curve. ...
... A new fence is built across the alreadydeformed land. TIME 4 The rupture displaces the fault, lowering the stress. The elastic rebound straightens the rock wall, but the fence exhibits a reverse curve. ...
Constraining the extent of crust–mantle coupling in central Asia
... the mantle align with the left-lateral maximum shear directions in the crustal deformation field in Tibet, but are not in Yunnan. Our results have the following implications. First, the coherence between crust and mantle deformation in Tibet implies strong crust–mantle mechanical coupling, since thi ...
... the mantle align with the left-lateral maximum shear directions in the crustal deformation field in Tibet, but are not in Yunnan. Our results have the following implications. First, the coherence between crust and mantle deformation in Tibet implies strong crust–mantle mechanical coupling, since thi ...
Plate Tectonics
... land areas is a result of evolution. Hor.vevet fossil eviclence short's that in the past manv prlants and trnimals, such as thc Clttssopteris fossils of Figure 12-15, n'ere the samc throughout the world. Such a rvide distribution of the same plants and animals probably cor-rld not have ...
... land areas is a result of evolution. Hor.vevet fossil eviclence short's that in the past manv prlants and trnimals, such as thc Clttssopteris fossils of Figure 12-15, n'ere the samc throughout the world. Such a rvide distribution of the same plants and animals probably cor-rld not have ...
Plate tectonics on the terrestrial planets
... Numerical mantle convection models of subduction zones (using a composite rheology model including diffusion creep, dislocation creep and a stress limiter) for higher than present-day mantle temperatures show that for potential temperatures of 1525 ◦ C and higher, subduction is eventually stopped by ...
... Numerical mantle convection models of subduction zones (using a composite rheology model including diffusion creep, dislocation creep and a stress limiter) for higher than present-day mantle temperatures show that for potential temperatures of 1525 ◦ C and higher, subduction is eventually stopped by ...
Chapter 24: The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras
... Throughout the Early and Middle Triassic, the supercontinent Pangaea and a single global ocean defined Earth’s paleogeography. As Pangaea began to split apart, numerous rift basins formed in eastern North America, and large blocks of crust collapsed to form deep valleys. The Triassic ended with a ra ...
... Throughout the Early and Middle Triassic, the supercontinent Pangaea and a single global ocean defined Earth’s paleogeography. As Pangaea began to split apart, numerous rift basins formed in eastern North America, and large blocks of crust collapsed to form deep valleys. The Triassic ended with a ra ...
Subduction origin on early Earth: A hypothesis
... with formation of new mafic crust. The spreading center propagates laterally in a direction parallel to the broad mantle upwelling; the growing tract of mafic crust progressively displaces the excavated and thinned crust until the new mafic crust reaches the limit of the original, impact-softened an ...
... with formation of new mafic crust. The spreading center propagates laterally in a direction parallel to the broad mantle upwelling; the growing tract of mafic crust progressively displaces the excavated and thinned crust until the new mafic crust reaches the limit of the original, impact-softened an ...
A(z)
... however, on a scale of 100 myr, and in the absence of tectonic activity, the geotherm can approach an equilibrium which expresses the balance between heat gained and heat lost by the lithosphere. Here, we first review the processes involved in heat generation and heat transfer, and we derive from th ...
... however, on a scale of 100 myr, and in the absence of tectonic activity, the geotherm can approach an equilibrium which expresses the balance between heat gained and heat lost by the lithosphere. Here, we first review the processes involved in heat generation and heat transfer, and we derive from th ...
Serpentine and the subduction zone water cycle
... converging) estimates exist for the sediment and crustal portions of the incoming plate [8 –11], much less is known about the lithospheric mantle’s degree of hydration [3,4,12]. In order for surface fluids to hydrate mantle rocks, the fluids must be able to pass through the sediments and crust to re ...
... converging) estimates exist for the sediment and crustal portions of the incoming plate [8 –11], much less is known about the lithospheric mantle’s degree of hydration [3,4,12]. In order for surface fluids to hydrate mantle rocks, the fluids must be able to pass through the sediments and crust to re ...
MS Plate Tectonics
... 7. Suppose that Earth’s interior contains a large amount of lead. Lead is very dense: 11.34 g/cm3 . Would the lead be more likely to be found in the crust, mantle, or core? ...
... 7. Suppose that Earth’s interior contains a large amount of lead. Lead is very dense: 11.34 g/cm3 . Would the lead be more likely to be found in the crust, mantle, or core? ...
tectonics2a
... Since continental crust is buoyant, it does not subduct easily. While the edge of a plate can be dragged under by the weight of attached oceanic crust, it does not go far. ...
... Since continental crust is buoyant, it does not subduct easily. While the edge of a plate can be dragged under by the weight of attached oceanic crust, it does not go far. ...
Mid-Ocean Ridges: Mantle Convection and Formation
... that the flux of melt generated in the mantle is, on average, proportional to spreading rate. What then, causes such a behavior? Melt flux is proportional to the height of the melting zone as well as the average rate of upwelling within the melting zone. If the upwelling and melt production rate are ...
... that the flux of melt generated in the mantle is, on average, proportional to spreading rate. What then, causes such a behavior? Melt flux is proportional to the height of the melting zone as well as the average rate of upwelling within the melting zone. If the upwelling and melt production rate are ...
Convergence of tectonic reconstructions and mantle
... seafloor has experienced limited fluctuations in the past 200 My, while others have suggested that larger variations would fit the observations equally well (Demicco, 2004; Seton et al., 2009). In addition, relatively fast seafloor spreading was proposed for the midCenozoic (Conrad and Lithgow-Bertellon ...
... seafloor has experienced limited fluctuations in the past 200 My, while others have suggested that larger variations would fit the observations equally well (Demicco, 2004; Seton et al., 2009). In addition, relatively fast seafloor spreading was proposed for the midCenozoic (Conrad and Lithgow-Bertellon ...
Paper - EarthByte
... seafloor has experienced limited fluctuations in the past 200 My, while others have suggested that larger variations would fit the observations equally well (Demicco, 2004; Seton et al., 2009). In addition, relatively fast seafloor spreading was proposed for the midCenozoic (Conrad and Lithgow-Bertellon ...
... seafloor has experienced limited fluctuations in the past 200 My, while others have suggested that larger variations would fit the observations equally well (Demicco, 2004; Seton et al., 2009). In addition, relatively fast seafloor spreading was proposed for the midCenozoic (Conrad and Lithgow-Bertellon ...
Continental subduction and exhumation of high
... A new feature obtained in the thermo-mechanical experiment is the uplift of the continental crust-asthenosphere interface in the interplate zone. Such uplift of the hot asthenosphere provides heating of the surrounding crustal and mantle material. In nature, this can lead to magmatism and high-tempe ...
... A new feature obtained in the thermo-mechanical experiment is the uplift of the continental crust-asthenosphere interface in the interplate zone. Such uplift of the hot asthenosphere provides heating of the surrounding crustal and mantle material. In nature, this can lead to magmatism and high-tempe ...
Mn_Earthquake - GEO
... spreading center, the Mid-Atlantic ridge, toward the subduction and transform zones along the Pacific coast. This westward drift sets up a subtle but pervasive compression that is oriented roughly east-west for most of North America, and this stress can reactivate minor movement along some ancient f ...
... spreading center, the Mid-Atlantic ridge, toward the subduction and transform zones along the Pacific coast. This westward drift sets up a subtle but pervasive compression that is oriented roughly east-west for most of North America, and this stress can reactivate minor movement along some ancient f ...
Geodynamic basis of heat transport in the Earth
... A brief period of violent thermonuclear activity, the TTauri phase, occurs during the early stages of star formation with grand eruptions and super-intense ‘solar-wind’ that is sufficient to strip the gas envelopes from the inner four planets, as demonstrated by the Hubble Space Telescope image of a ...
... A brief period of violent thermonuclear activity, the TTauri phase, occurs during the early stages of star formation with grand eruptions and super-intense ‘solar-wind’ that is sufficient to strip the gas envelopes from the inner four planets, as demonstrated by the Hubble Space Telescope image of a ...
Earthquakes and Seismic Hazard in the Yukon
... resistant design. Because of the very low population density and few earthquake-sensitive structures, the Yukon region has received little special seismic hazard analysis. There are only very widely spaced seismograph stations, and those only since the 1970s. The area has been studied largely as par ...
... resistant design. Because of the very low population density and few earthquake-sensitive structures, the Yukon region has received little special seismic hazard analysis. There are only very widely spaced seismograph stations, and those only since the 1970s. The area has been studied largely as par ...
Post-glacial rebound
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Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound) is the rise of land masses that were depressed by the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, through a process known as isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are different parts of a process known as either glacial isostasy, glacial isostatic adjustment, or glacioisostasy. Glacioisostasy is the solid Earth deformation associated with changes in ice mass distribution. The most obvious and direct affects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in northern Europe (especially Scotland, Estonia, Latvia, Fennoscandia, and northern Denmark), Siberia, Canada, the Great Lakes of Canada and the United States, the coastal region of the US state of Maine, parts of Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through processes known as ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea-level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.