Superplumes and single plumes: their magmatic trails on moving
... Single plumes and superplumes have, in principle, the same nature and source: they are thought to be upwarddirected mantle convective flows, heated and fluid-enriched. They are born in LLSVP (Large low-shear-velocity provinces), otherwise called superswells, situated within the D00 layer. They repre ...
... Single plumes and superplumes have, in principle, the same nature and source: they are thought to be upwarddirected mantle convective flows, heated and fluid-enriched. They are born in LLSVP (Large low-shear-velocity provinces), otherwise called superswells, situated within the D00 layer. They repre ...
Submarine hydrothermal vents: Hot springs on the seafloor OCN 201
... chemicals that microbes use to create energy. 7. These microbes form the basis of a food chain for these “Oases of the Deep”, giving rise to biological communities bases on chemosynthesis (rather than photosynthesis). ...
... chemicals that microbes use to create energy. 7. These microbes form the basis of a food chain for these “Oases of the Deep”, giving rise to biological communities bases on chemosynthesis (rather than photosynthesis). ...
Topic 6 Earth`s Internal Structure and Tectonic Process Geography
... As accurate maps showing entire continents became available, it was noted that some continents appeared to “fit together” Alfred Wegener (1912) was the first to present a hypothesis to explain this continental drift ...
... As accurate maps showing entire continents became available, it was noted that some continents appeared to “fit together” Alfred Wegener (1912) was the first to present a hypothesis to explain this continental drift ...
Plate Tectonics - UNLV Geoscience
... At convergent plate boundaries or convergent margins, two plates, at least one of which is oceanic, move toward each other. But rather than butting each other like angry rams, one oceanic plate bends and begins to sink down into the asthenosphere beneath the other plate. This sinking process, termed ...
... At convergent plate boundaries or convergent margins, two plates, at least one of which is oceanic, move toward each other. But rather than butting each other like angry rams, one oceanic plate bends and begins to sink down into the asthenosphere beneath the other plate. This sinking process, termed ...
Michelle Tsai Week 6 – Can Catastrophic Plate Tectonics Explain
... sedimentary rock layers, with fossils, underlying crystalline rocky basement of granites and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Underneath the crust, there’s a layer called mantle, which is made up of dense, warm-tohot, solid rocks that extends to 1,800 mi. Underneath the mantle is the earth’s core, w ...
... sedimentary rock layers, with fossils, underlying crystalline rocky basement of granites and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Underneath the crust, there’s a layer called mantle, which is made up of dense, warm-tohot, solid rocks that extends to 1,800 mi. Underneath the mantle is the earth’s core, w ...
Earth`s Interior Convection and the MantleSection 2 Summary
... Earth's ocean floors move, carrying the continents along with them. This movement begins at a midocean ridge. A ridge forms along a crack in the oceanic crust. At a mid-ocean ridge, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts. This process, called sea-floor spreading, continually adds new mater ...
... Earth's ocean floors move, carrying the continents along with them. This movement begins at a midocean ridge. A ridge forms along a crack in the oceanic crust. At a mid-ocean ridge, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts. This process, called sea-floor spreading, continually adds new mater ...
The Earth
... • Because Earth’s size has not changed, expansion of the crust in one area requires destruction (throuh convergence) of the crust elsewhere. • Currently, the Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking (because the oceanic lithospheric plate is being forced back into the mantle) as other ocean basins expand. T ...
... • Because Earth’s size has not changed, expansion of the crust in one area requires destruction (throuh convergence) of the crust elsewhere. • Currently, the Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking (because the oceanic lithospheric plate is being forced back into the mantle) as other ocean basins expand. T ...
14.2 Ocean Floor Features
... trenches are located along the margins of the Pacific Ocean, and many exceed 10,000 meters in depth. A portion of one trench—the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench—has been measured at a record 11,022 meters below sea level. It is the deepest known place on Earth. Trenches form at sites of plate c ...
... trenches are located along the margins of the Pacific Ocean, and many exceed 10,000 meters in depth. A portion of one trench—the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench—has been measured at a record 11,022 meters below sea level. It is the deepest known place on Earth. Trenches form at sites of plate c ...
8.2 Continental Drift Theory and Sea-Floor Spreading
... where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 micro Tesla (0.25 to 0.65 Gauss). It is approximately the field of a magnetic dipole tilted at an angle of 10 degrees with respect to the rotational axis—as ...
... where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 micro Tesla (0.25 to 0.65 Gauss). It is approximately the field of a magnetic dipole tilted at an angle of 10 degrees with respect to the rotational axis—as ...
Lecture 11
... - less common than plate-boundary volcanoes - different composition (deep source) ...
... - less common than plate-boundary volcanoes - different composition (deep source) ...
Earth is made of hard rock
... which come from the greek isos = equal and thermos = hot, so an area with the same temperature). The temperature and pressure zones in this area almost correspond to the peridotite’s fusion conditions. Therefore the mantle nearly reaches it’s melting point and that can explain the decrease of sismic ...
... which come from the greek isos = equal and thermos = hot, so an area with the same temperature). The temperature and pressure zones in this area almost correspond to the peridotite’s fusion conditions. Therefore the mantle nearly reaches it’s melting point and that can explain the decrease of sismic ...
Black Hills State University Middle School Science Content
... plunge into the mantle. They are usually accompanied by a volcanic island arc, such as the Aleutian Islands, or a continental volcanic arc, such as those in the Cascade Mountains in the United States. Abyssal plains are deep, very flat plain consisting of thick accumulations of sediment. Seamounts a ...
... plunge into the mantle. They are usually accompanied by a volcanic island arc, such as the Aleutian Islands, or a continental volcanic arc, such as those in the Cascade Mountains in the United States. Abyssal plains are deep, very flat plain consisting of thick accumulations of sediment. Seamounts a ...
Geology :: 9. Convergent and transform fault plate margins
... where the sinking of a plate occurs is called a subduction zone. The type of convergence that takes place between plates depends on the kind of lithosphere involved. Convergence can occur between an oceanic and a largely continental plate, or between two largely oceanic plates, or between two largel ...
... where the sinking of a plate occurs is called a subduction zone. The type of convergence that takes place between plates depends on the kind of lithosphere involved. Convergence can occur between an oceanic and a largely continental plate, or between two largely oceanic plates, or between two largel ...
View Sample
... It lies under all the oceans of the earth It is the thinnest part of the crust, its thickness an average of 8km Oceanic crust is heavy (heavier than continental) Most common rock is basalt Rocks of the oceanic crust are often referred to as sima this refers to their most common mineral components si ...
... It lies under all the oceans of the earth It is the thinnest part of the crust, its thickness an average of 8km Oceanic crust is heavy (heavier than continental) Most common rock is basalt Rocks of the oceanic crust are often referred to as sima this refers to their most common mineral components si ...
Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics
... continental crust collide, they buckle and thicken, pushing the continental crust upward. ...
... continental crust collide, they buckle and thicken, pushing the continental crust upward. ...
ODP`s 100 greatest hits: The past and future of the Ocean Drilling
... ever really succeeded in drilling in fractured rock or much deeper than 2 km into either sediments or basement because of hole instability problems. In addition, it has not been possible to drill in shallow water, in high temperature formations or in pack ice. Thus because of platform limitations, t ...
... ever really succeeded in drilling in fractured rock or much deeper than 2 km into either sediments or basement because of hole instability problems. In addition, it has not been possible to drill in shallow water, in high temperature formations or in pack ice. Thus because of platform limitations, t ...
Seafloor Spreading
... 2. sonar can measure water depth and map the topography of the ocean floor. ...
... 2. sonar can measure water depth and map the topography of the ocean floor. ...
here - ScienceA2Z.com
... to study the ocean floor, they discovered a surprising pattern. Measurements of magnetic variations showed that, in many areas, alternating bands of rocks recording normal and reversed polarity were arranged symmetrically about mid-ocean ridges (Fig. 5). In 1963, F. Vine and D.H. Matthews reasoned t ...
... to study the ocean floor, they discovered a surprising pattern. Measurements of magnetic variations showed that, in many areas, alternating bands of rocks recording normal and reversed polarity were arranged symmetrically about mid-ocean ridges (Fig. 5). In 1963, F. Vine and D.H. Matthews reasoned t ...
Key - Scioly.org
... 2 points for a correct description of slab pull (must mention that the force from subducting sections affects diverging sections). 1 point for stating that slab pull is stronger. ...
... 2 points for a correct description of slab pull (must mention that the force from subducting sections affects diverging sections). 1 point for stating that slab pull is stronger. ...
Key - Scioly.org
... 2 points for a correct description of slab pull (must mention that the force from subducting sections affects diverging sections). 1 point for stating that slab pull is stronger. ...
... 2 points for a correct description of slab pull (must mention that the force from subducting sections affects diverging sections). 1 point for stating that slab pull is stronger. ...
Plate Boundaries - CoconinoHighSchool
... 1. The upper (brittle layer) 2. The lower (liquid) layer ...
... 1. The upper (brittle layer) 2. The lower (liquid) layer ...
1 Ocean-Continent Convergent Plate Boundaries
... arthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html . Remember that the mid-ocean ridge is where hot mantle material upwells in a convection cell. The upwelling mantle melts due to pressure release to form lava. Lava flows at the surface cool rapidly to become basalt, but deeper in the cru ...
... arthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_subduction.html . Remember that the mid-ocean ridge is where hot mantle material upwells in a convection cell. The upwelling mantle melts due to pressure release to form lava. Lava flows at the surface cool rapidly to become basalt, but deeper in the cru ...
Chapter 16 Study Guide Answers
... Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 1. Regions of ocean water differ greatly, and some zones support more life than others. a. The uppermost 10 m (33 ft) of water absorbs 80% of solar energy, so nearly all of the oceans’ primary productivity occurs in the top layer, or photic zone. b. Habitats and ecosyst ...
... Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 1. Regions of ocean water differ greatly, and some zones support more life than others. a. The uppermost 10 m (33 ft) of water absorbs 80% of solar energy, so nearly all of the oceans’ primary productivity occurs in the top layer, or photic zone. b. Habitats and ecosyst ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.