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Layers of the Earth
Layers of the Earth

... The lithosphere is the upper, rigid layer of the Earth. It consists of the crust and the top of the mantle. It is about 100 km thick. In other words, the lithosphere is made up of solid rock, which is the Earth’s outer surface, and magma, the hot liquid center of the Earth. Lithosphere means “ball o ...
Convection Currents Activity - Mamanakis
Convection Currents Activity - Mamanakis

... 4. If a plate boundary is located directly above a rising column of hot rock, what do the plates do? What features are formed in this area? What type of boundary is this called? Give one example: 5. If a plate boundary is located directly above a sinking column of cooer rock, what do the plates do? ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... They looked at maps and saw the continents looked like they fit together like a puzzle. They also found that there are similar rock types, deserts and fossils in the places where the continents look like they would join. ...
Know What I want to Know What I learned
Know What I want to Know What I learned

...  Starter: What are seismic waves? How are they related ...
7.6 - Solids - mrayton.com
7.6 - Solids - mrayton.com

... Convergent Boundaries – This boundary occurs when two tectonic plates collide. There are continental-continental boundaries, continental-oceanic boundaries, and oceanic-oceanic boundaries within these convergent boundaries. This process is also called subduction and is where the ocean floor sinks be ...
Large Igneous Provinces, Delamination, and Fertile Mantle
Large Igneous Provinces, Delamination, and Fertile Mantle

PDF format - gemoc - Macquarie University
PDF format - gemoc - Macquarie University

Chapter 20 - "Inside the Earth"
Chapter 20 - "Inside the Earth"

... – The crust is the thin layer of solid, brittle material that covers the Earth. – There are some differences in the crust depending on where on the surface you are. • The crust under the ocean is much thinner than the crust under the continents. • Seismic waves move faster through the oceanic crust ...
Exam Block #5
Exam Block #5

... As plates are pulled apart, space is created, pressure is reduced, causing the upper mantle rocks to partially melt, producing new oceanic lithosphere. ƒ MOR are elevated because the newly created seafloor is hot, and occupies more volume, and therefore is less dense. As the ocean floor moves away f ...
Large Igneous Provinces, Delamination, and Fertile Mantle
Large Igneous Provinces, Delamination, and Fertile Mantle

Divergent boundary
Divergent boundary

... ________________________________________________________ This is located between north-american plate and eurasian plate. ________________________________________________________ According to plate move ment, they divided into three pieces. ________________________________________________________ ...
Comparing Two Descriptions of Earth Interior Structure Inside the
Comparing Two Descriptions of Earth Interior Structure Inside the

... Below the crust is the mantle, a dense, hot layer of semi-solid rock approximately 2,900 km thick. The mantle, which contains more iron, magnesium, and calcium than the crust, is hotter and denser because temperature and pressure inside the Earth increase with depth. As a comparison, the mantle migh ...
Scale Model of Earth, Homework #1
Scale Model of Earth, Homework #1

... 2. Now complete the table below. (1km = 1000m; 1m = 100cm; 1 cm = 10mm) Feature of Earth Distance from Distance on Distance on surface of Earth to scale model scale model (in kilometers) in cm in mm Base of continental crust ...
Earth`s Structure
Earth`s Structure

...  subduction – This occurs where plates move together and one of the plates is driven down into the mantle. ...
Mantle downwelling Modes of mantle convection
Mantle downwelling Modes of mantle convection

What is the Earth made of?
What is the Earth made of?

... The Eurasian and North American plates moving away from each other – so very slowly Europe is getting further away from America. As the plates move apart (very slowly), magma rises from the mantle. The magma erupts to the surface of the earth. When the magma reaches the surface, it cools and solidif ...
Os isotopic compositions of basaltic andesites and hawaiites of the
Os isotopic compositions of basaltic andesites and hawaiites of the

INDEPTH4-Summary v 10
INDEPTH4-Summary v 10

... collisional orogeny. Recent geological studies and limited geophysical measurements in this region have been cited to argue that a) uplift is due to internal imbricate “stacking” of Asian crust while b) Asian continental lithosphere is being detached and “subducted” into the Tibetan mantle. Such mod ...
information about earth`s layers
information about earth`s layers

... earth's crust is a little different then the crust on a piece of bread. It is not soft and chewy, but it hard and composed of different minerals. The thin, outermost layer of the earth is called the crust. It makes up only one percent of the earth's mass. The continental crust is thicker than the oc ...
Geology 111 - A8 - New ideas on continental drift
Geology 111 - A8 - New ideas on continental drift

The following reading should be annotated by each student as they
The following reading should be annotated by each student as they

bokelmannAbstract_5p..
bokelmannAbstract_5p..

Campbell, I.H., Large Igneous Provinces and the mantle plume
Campbell, I.H., Large Igneous Provinces and the mantle plume

... heads. It has been suggested that the plumes responsible for these volcanic chains may originate in the mid-mantle. Theoretically the mantle could divide into two convecting layers separated by a boundary layer at the 670 km seismic discontinuity; this boundary layer is a potential source of plumes, ...
Provincial Exams - Earth Science (Unit 4)-1
Provincial Exams - Earth Science (Unit 4)-1

... The lines on the diagram show the location of volcanic islands and submerged volcanoes from three hot spots on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. ...
Plate Tectonics 1
Plate Tectonics 1

... Another way of thinking about the interior has little to do with composition, but depends on the state of the material ...
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Mantle plume



A mantle plume is a mechanism proposed in 1971 to explain volcanic regions of the earth that were not thought to be explicable by the then-new theory of plate tectonics. Some such volcanic regions lie far from tectonic plate boundaries, for example, Hawaii. Others represent unusually large-volume volcanism, whether on plate boundaries, e.g. Iceland, or basalt floods such as the Deccan or Siberian traps.A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. The currently active volcanic centers are known as ""hot spots"". In particular, the concept that mantle plumes are fixed relative to one another, and anchored at the core-mantle boundary, was thought to provide a natural explanation for the time-progressive chains of older volcanoes seen extending out from some such hot spots, such as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain.The hypothesis of mantle plumes from depth is not universally accepted as explaining all such volcanism. It has required progressive hypothesis-elaboration leading to variant propositions such as mini-plumes and pulsing plumes. Another hypothesis for unusual volcanic regions is the ""Plate model"". This proposes shallower, passive leakage of magma from the mantle onto the Earth's surface where extension of the lithosphere permits it, attributing most volcanism to plate tectonic processes, with volcanoes far from plate boundaries resulting from intraplate extension.
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