MAPK cascade signalling networks in plant defence
... flagellin variants that are non-detectable by the Arabidopsis FLS2 [24,49], yet it triggers a typical innate immune response through the EF-Tu protein. The EF-Tu-derived peptide elf18 is sufficient to trigger the defence response. Interestingly, the receptors for flg22 and efl18, FLS2 and EFR, res ...
... flagellin variants that are non-detectable by the Arabidopsis FLS2 [24,49], yet it triggers a typical innate immune response through the EF-Tu protein. The EF-Tu-derived peptide elf18 is sufficient to trigger the defence response. Interestingly, the receptors for flg22 and efl18, FLS2 and EFR, res ...
Recognition Specificity for the Bacterial Avirulence Protein AvrPto Is
... will be required to test this possibility because tobacco ...
... will be required to test this possibility because tobacco ...
Optimization of ERK Activity Biosensors for both Ratiometric and
... the biosensor to give a measurable FRET signal even when kinase activity is low. Regarding MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, the first FRET-biosensor designed was named Miu2 (for MAPK Indicator Unit ERK2) [11]. This biosensor used the conformational change of ERK occurring upon the binding of its activato ...
... the biosensor to give a measurable FRET signal even when kinase activity is low. Regarding MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, the first FRET-biosensor designed was named Miu2 (for MAPK Indicator Unit ERK2) [11]. This biosensor used the conformational change of ERK occurring upon the binding of its activato ...
Proteins and their Ligands: Their Importance and how to Crystallize
... The method of co-crystallization ensures the presence of only the substrate bound conformation of the SBP in solution. One major advantage of co-crystallization is the possibility to add different ligands into the crystallization trial. A prominent SBP member where several crystal structures were so ...
... The method of co-crystallization ensures the presence of only the substrate bound conformation of the SBP in solution. One major advantage of co-crystallization is the possibility to add different ligands into the crystallization trial. A prominent SBP member where several crystal structures were so ...
Evaluation of the Progress of Protein Hydrolysis
... molecules in foodstuff, yielding polypeptides that are smaller in molecular mass. Protein hydrolysis has several aims. The most common is to make the protein moiety of a foodstuff soluble by reducing the size of the peptides. Solubilization simplifies isolation of the protein moiety by physical mean ...
... molecules in foodstuff, yielding polypeptides that are smaller in molecular mass. Protein hydrolysis has several aims. The most common is to make the protein moiety of a foodstuff soluble by reducing the size of the peptides. Solubilization simplifies isolation of the protein moiety by physical mean ...
Ubiquitin and Plant Viruses, Let`s Play Together!
... 2002). Three distinct phases in the ubiquitination process are controlled by three classes of enzymes (Fig. 1): (1) activation of Ub via a Ub-activating enzyme (E1), during which Ub is transferred onto the E1; (2) transfer of Ub from the E1 enzyme to a Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2); and (3) transfer of ...
... 2002). Three distinct phases in the ubiquitination process are controlled by three classes of enzymes (Fig. 1): (1) activation of Ub via a Ub-activating enzyme (E1), during which Ub is transferred onto the E1; (2) transfer of Ub from the E1 enzyme to a Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2); and (3) transfer of ...
Morris H. Aprison
... done at this institute by the group I joined focused on developing photoelectric instruments that could be used to measure color, smoothness, and other characteristics of paper. While finishing this research, and writing two papers, I received an important letter from an old friend. Jack Clemmons, w ...
... done at this institute by the group I joined focused on developing photoelectric instruments that could be used to measure color, smoothness, and other characteristics of paper. While finishing this research, and writing two papers, I received an important letter from an old friend. Jack Clemmons, w ...
Prediction of mitochondrial proteins of malaria parasite
... isoleucine, and tyrosine are more abundant in mitochondrial proteins than non-mitochondrial proteins. In contrast aspartic acid, asparagines, serine, and valine are more abundant in non-mitochondrial proteins than mitochondrial proteins. This means that mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial proteins c ...
... isoleucine, and tyrosine are more abundant in mitochondrial proteins than non-mitochondrial proteins. In contrast aspartic acid, asparagines, serine, and valine are more abundant in non-mitochondrial proteins than mitochondrial proteins. This means that mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial proteins c ...
Protein synthesis meets ABC ATPases: new roles for Rli1/ABCE1
... the post-termination complex into subunits. The subsequent dissociation of tRNA and mRNA from the small ribosomal subunit is promoted by initiation factors, in particular IF3 (Peske et al, 2005). In eukaryotes, translation termination is mediated by only two factors: eRF1 recognizes all three termin ...
... the post-termination complex into subunits. The subsequent dissociation of tRNA and mRNA from the small ribosomal subunit is promoted by initiation factors, in particular IF3 (Peske et al, 2005). In eukaryotes, translation termination is mediated by only two factors: eRF1 recognizes all three termin ...
Polymer scaling laws of unfolded and intrinsically disordered
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
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... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
... However, the methodology to test many of these concepts experimentally has only become available rather recently (2, 16, 17). A considerable body of experimental and theoretical work suggests that the dimensions of unfolded proteins depend on parameters such as amino acid composition (4), temperatur ...
Molecular Characterization of the Melanin
... Molecular Modeling of the MCH Peptide/Receptor Complex. The molecular model of the human MCH peptide ligand and the helical model of the human MCH receptor were constructed separately, then docked together as described in Materials and Methods. The receptor model contains two discrete hydrophilic po ...
... Molecular Modeling of the MCH Peptide/Receptor Complex. The molecular model of the human MCH peptide ligand and the helical model of the human MCH receptor were constructed separately, then docked together as described in Materials and Methods. The receptor model contains two discrete hydrophilic po ...
Probability-Based Scoring Function as a Software
... (vi) protein molecular mass and (v) % coverage. On the output interface, all results were represented in the form of tables and lists of the amino acid sequences of theoretical protein ‘Hits,’ which were obtained from the Spirulina database under the input criteria setting (Fig. 3). Criteria for sea ...
... (vi) protein molecular mass and (v) % coverage. On the output interface, all results were represented in the form of tables and lists of the amino acid sequences of theoretical protein ‘Hits,’ which were obtained from the Spirulina database under the input criteria setting (Fig. 3). Criteria for sea ...
Mechanisms of cross-talk between G-protein
... cases in which extracellular Ca2+ is required [3–8]. For example, the ability of Gα q/11 -coupled neurokinin 1 receptors to potentiate Ca2+ signalling by Gα i -coupled CXCR1/2 in neutrophils [3] and the ability of Gα s -coupled prostaglandin E2 receptors to potentiate Ca2+ signalling by Gα q/11 -cou ...
... cases in which extracellular Ca2+ is required [3–8]. For example, the ability of Gα q/11 -coupled neurokinin 1 receptors to potentiate Ca2+ signalling by Gα i -coupled CXCR1/2 in neutrophils [3] and the ability of Gα s -coupled prostaglandin E2 receptors to potentiate Ca2+ signalling by Gα q/11 -cou ...
Allosteric regulation and catalysis emerge via a common
... of their interconversion, thereby modulating active site or binding site geometries. Both enzymes and noncatalytic proteins can be regulated by allosteric means2. In this review we discuss examples of both and highlight the strong interdependence between views of enzymatic catalysis and allosteric r ...
... of their interconversion, thereby modulating active site or binding site geometries. Both enzymes and noncatalytic proteins can be regulated by allosteric means2. In this review we discuss examples of both and highlight the strong interdependence between views of enzymatic catalysis and allosteric r ...
putative mineral-specific proteins synthesized by a
... a distinctive, single reddish colony (indicative of S. oneidensis) was observed growing on the agar directly under the end of each of the cantilevers used in replicate force microscopy experiments. This indicated that cells were indeed living and active during force measurements. No bacterial coloni ...
... a distinctive, single reddish colony (indicative of S. oneidensis) was observed growing on the agar directly under the end of each of the cantilevers used in replicate force microscopy experiments. This indicated that cells were indeed living and active during force measurements. No bacterial coloni ...
Peptide pheromones: an overview
... as yet unidentified signaling molecules are those of mammals. All mammals emit chemical cues into the environment via urine, saliva or diverse secreted fluids. So far, only a few mammalian pheromones, especially of rodents, have been identified, and examination of their chemical nature reveals a wid ...
... as yet unidentified signaling molecules are those of mammals. All mammals emit chemical cues into the environment via urine, saliva or diverse secreted fluids. So far, only a few mammalian pheromones, especially of rodents, have been identified, and examination of their chemical nature reveals a wid ...
Molecular Models for Biochemistry at CMU
... standard biochemistry texts where more explanation is provided, but where interactive 3-D images of the molecules are not available. Please see viewing suggestions below before choosing a topic. SMALL MOLECULE GALLERY Introduction & Index to Chime displays of some textbook examples used in the Moder ...
... standard biochemistry texts where more explanation is provided, but where interactive 3-D images of the molecules are not available. Please see viewing suggestions below before choosing a topic. SMALL MOLECULE GALLERY Introduction & Index to Chime displays of some textbook examples used in the Moder ...
A Major Surface Protein on Group A Streptococci Is a
... adherence of these organisms, the presence of a similar molecule on group A streptococci is suggested (5) with a probable role in initial adherence events. Talay et al. (6) have recently provided evidence that fibronectin binding molecules found on the streptococcal surface represent a strain-depend ...
... adherence of these organisms, the presence of a similar molecule on group A streptococci is suggested (5) with a probable role in initial adherence events. Talay et al. (6) have recently provided evidence that fibronectin binding molecules found on the streptococcal surface represent a strain-depend ...
Mutational effects on protein structure and function Jonas Carlsson Link¨
... amyloid formation were investigated using three approaches. Applying a consensus of the three methods on a number of interesting mutations, 94% of the mutations could be correctly classified as amyloid forming or not, evaluated with in vitro iii ...
... amyloid formation were investigated using three approaches. Applying a consensus of the three methods on a number of interesting mutations, 94% of the mutations could be correctly classified as amyloid forming or not, evaluated with in vitro iii ...
Protein structure
... Ab initio protein structure prediction Ab initio prediction can be performed when a protein has no detectable homologs. Protein folding is modeled based on global free-energy minimum estimates. The “Rosetta Stone” methods was applied to sequence families lacking known structures. For 80 of 131 prot ...
... Ab initio protein structure prediction Ab initio prediction can be performed when a protein has no detectable homologs. Protein folding is modeled based on global free-energy minimum estimates. The “Rosetta Stone” methods was applied to sequence families lacking known structures. For 80 of 131 prot ...
The p101 subunit of PI3Kγ restores activation by Gβ mutants
... signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. On the basis of their structural features and modes of regulation, class I PI3Ks have been grouped into the clas ...
... signals into the principle product PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in order to control a plethora of fundamental cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, growth and chemotaxis [1–8]. On the basis of their structural features and modes of regulation, class I PI3Ks have been grouped into the clas ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).