Stability, catalytic versatility and evolution of the
... stable in order to maintain their native structures but also have to be flexible to allow conformational changes during catalysis. These opposing requirements are particularly striking for enzymes from extremophiles, which must be both stable and active under extreme conditions of salt, pH and tempe ...
... stable in order to maintain their native structures but also have to be flexible to allow conformational changes during catalysis. These opposing requirements are particularly striking for enzymes from extremophiles, which must be both stable and active under extreme conditions of salt, pH and tempe ...
Setting sail for glucose homeostasis with the AKAP150PP2Banchor
... (PP2B or calcineurin—a Ca2þ /calmodulin-dependent enzyme) are examples of enzymes that can influence the release of insulin. The combined effects of these enzymes propagate GSIS, which is mediated intracellularly via an increase in ATP concentration, Ca2þ influx via the voltagedependent Ca2þ channel ( ...
... (PP2B or calcineurin—a Ca2þ /calmodulin-dependent enzyme) are examples of enzymes that can influence the release of insulin. The combined effects of these enzymes propagate GSIS, which is mediated intracellularly via an increase in ATP concentration, Ca2þ influx via the voltagedependent Ca2þ channel ( ...
New concepts of endoplasmic reticulum function in the heart
... by the realization that myocardial ischemia and cardiac hypertrophy might alter the ER in cardiac myocytes in ways that would be predicted to impair protein folding in this organelle [13,46,47]. Accordingly, studies were carried out to examine the conditions under which ER stress is activated in car ...
... by the realization that myocardial ischemia and cardiac hypertrophy might alter the ER in cardiac myocytes in ways that would be predicted to impair protein folding in this organelle [13,46,47]. Accordingly, studies were carried out to examine the conditions under which ER stress is activated in car ...
D2 Dopamine Receptors in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons Reduce
... quinpirole and 26 ⫾ 3% for NPA (n ⫽ 4). Lower agonist concentrations produced smaller, qualitatively similar modulations (0.50 –5 M; n ⫽ 6). Previous studies have shown that D2 receptors, like other Gi /o-coupled receptors, inhibit N- and P/Q-type Ca 2⫹ channels but typically do not modulate L-type ...
... quinpirole and 26 ⫾ 3% for NPA (n ⫽ 4). Lower agonist concentrations produced smaller, qualitatively similar modulations (0.50 –5 M; n ⫽ 6). Previous studies have shown that D2 receptors, like other Gi /o-coupled receptors, inhibit N- and P/Q-type Ca 2⫹ channels but typically do not modulate L-type ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... environmental change for achieving defined substrate specificity. Substitution, deletion and insertion are the available mechanisms for the purpose of evolution of which the former is comparable among different domains as it happens at locus specific positions. In these study six orthologous sets of ...
... environmental change for achieving defined substrate specificity. Substitution, deletion and insertion are the available mechanisms for the purpose of evolution of which the former is comparable among different domains as it happens at locus specific positions. In these study six orthologous sets of ...
Folie 1 - FLI
... • Assign all of the residues in the peptide the appropriate set of parameters. • Scan through the peptide and identify regions where 4 out of 6 contiguous residues have P(a-helix) > 100. • That region is declared an alpha-helix. Extend the helix in both directions until a set of four contiguous resi ...
... • Assign all of the residues in the peptide the appropriate set of parameters. • Scan through the peptide and identify regions where 4 out of 6 contiguous residues have P(a-helix) > 100. • That region is declared an alpha-helix. Extend the helix in both directions until a set of four contiguous resi ...
Homology between the DNA-binding domain of the GCN4
... domains of the protein: DNA binding and transcriptional activation (13). The DNA-binding function depends on the integrity of the carboxyl-terminal segment of 60 amino acids (13). This highly basic region is also the domain showing homology to jun protein. Transcriptional activation by GCN4 requires ...
... domains of the protein: DNA binding and transcriptional activation (13). The DNA-binding function depends on the integrity of the carboxyl-terminal segment of 60 amino acids (13). This highly basic region is also the domain showing homology to jun protein. Transcriptional activation by GCN4 requires ...
Do Legume Storage Proteins Play a Role in
... The observation that legume vicilins bind to a chitin matrix led to the discovery that vicilins, from cowpea and other legumes, strongly bind to several chitin-containing structures. Among these are structures of the midgut of both C. maculatus and Z. subfasciatus (Firmino et al., 1996) and cell wal ...
... The observation that legume vicilins bind to a chitin matrix led to the discovery that vicilins, from cowpea and other legumes, strongly bind to several chitin-containing structures. Among these are structures of the midgut of both C. maculatus and Z. subfasciatus (Firmino et al., 1996) and cell wal ...
Topology and Phosphorylation of Soybean Nodulin
... show that nodulin-26, a major PBM protein, is cotranslationally inserted into membranes without cleavage of any signal sequence. The first two membrane-spanning domains of this protein are sufficient for membrane insertion of the peptide. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that nodulin-26 is cotransl ...
... show that nodulin-26, a major PBM protein, is cotranslationally inserted into membranes without cleavage of any signal sequence. The first two membrane-spanning domains of this protein are sufficient for membrane insertion of the peptide. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that nodulin-26 is cotransl ...
Drug delivery systems based on sugar
... attractive target, not least because of its very high density on hepatocyte surfaces (50,000 to 500,000 per cell) [9]. In addition to lectin receptors that are regularly involved in endocytosis, those that are not may also be targeted. For example, lectin-like 'homing' receptors on lymphocytes recog ...
... attractive target, not least because of its very high density on hepatocyte surfaces (50,000 to 500,000 per cell) [9]. In addition to lectin receptors that are regularly involved in endocytosis, those that are not may also be targeted. For example, lectin-like 'homing' receptors on lymphocytes recog ...
Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of the CASPARIAN STRIP
... physicochemical principles. In vivo, however, membranes are highly complex and host a plethora of proteins that mediate the transfer of molecules and communication across the membrane. Proteins may be trapped in membrane by their transmembrane domains, anchored by lipid tails, or attach to membrane- ...
... physicochemical principles. In vivo, however, membranes are highly complex and host a plethora of proteins that mediate the transfer of molecules and communication across the membrane. Proteins may be trapped in membrane by their transmembrane domains, anchored by lipid tails, or attach to membrane- ...
SnRK1 Isoforms AKIN10 and AKIN11 Are
... within the plant (Vance et al., 2003). In bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants, we identified early and late genes that encode proteins that might be involved in signal transduction (Camacho et al., 2008; P. Coello, A. Ramı́rez, and E. Martı́nez-Barajas, unpublished data). One of the late genes has high ...
... within the plant (Vance et al., 2003). In bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants, we identified early and late genes that encode proteins that might be involved in signal transduction (Camacho et al., 2008; P. Coello, A. Ramı́rez, and E. Martı́nez-Barajas, unpublished data). One of the late genes has high ...
The SUPERFAMILY database in structural genomics
... consist of a single domain, whereas medium-sized proteins may consist of one or more domains. Large proteins consist of multiple domains. A domain is de®ned as the minimum evolutionary unit, so a protein will only have parts classi®ed into separate domains if those parts are observed independently i ...
... consist of a single domain, whereas medium-sized proteins may consist of one or more domains. Large proteins consist of multiple domains. A domain is de®ned as the minimum evolutionary unit, so a protein will only have parts classi®ed into separate domains if those parts are observed independently i ...
The effect of pH on the digestion of proteins in vitro by pepsin
... at pH 3’5-4 in the digestion of certain substrates, such as, for example, plasma proteins. Extracts of human and pig’s gastric mucosa frequently also show two peaks of activity one at pH 1.8-2 and the other at pH 3-5-4. This latter peak has been attributed to the presence in such extracts of catheps ...
... at pH 3’5-4 in the digestion of certain substrates, such as, for example, plasma proteins. Extracts of human and pig’s gastric mucosa frequently also show two peaks of activity one at pH 1.8-2 and the other at pH 3-5-4. This latter peak has been attributed to the presence in such extracts of catheps ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... iron-sulfur protein (dinitrogenase reductase) with a single type of subunit (9). Both proteins are essential for enzymic activity together with ATP (which is hydrolyzed to ADP + ...
... iron-sulfur protein (dinitrogenase reductase) with a single type of subunit (9). Both proteins are essential for enzymic activity together with ATP (which is hydrolyzed to ADP + ...
Coarse-grained normal mode analysis in structural biology
... Overview of various methodologies and applications to the GroEL–GroES complex of EN models. The EN model (b) requires an initial input structure, typically an atomic-resolution structure such as in (a), colored according to secondary structure elements. As noted in the text, a lower-resolution struc ...
... Overview of various methodologies and applications to the GroEL–GroES complex of EN models. The EN model (b) requires an initial input structure, typically an atomic-resolution structure such as in (a), colored according to secondary structure elements. As noted in the text, a lower-resolution struc ...
tethering redox proteins to the outer membrane in Neisseria and
... with the inner membrane (48 kDa, CcoP; 30 kDa, cytochrome c5 /PetC; 24 kDa, CcoO/cytochrome c4 ; 16 kDa, cytochrome c’). ...
... with the inner membrane (48 kDa, CcoP; 30 kDa, cytochrome c5 /PetC; 24 kDa, CcoO/cytochrome c4 ; 16 kDa, cytochrome c’). ...
Carrier Proteins - HCC Learning Web
... Cell-cell recognition- the ability of a cell to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another. – Cell-cell recognition is the basis for the rejection of foreign cells by the immune system. Cells recognize other cells by binding to surface molecules, often carbohydrates, on the plasma membran ...
... Cell-cell recognition- the ability of a cell to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another. – Cell-cell recognition is the basis for the rejection of foreign cells by the immune system. Cells recognize other cells by binding to surface molecules, often carbohydrates, on the plasma membran ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein Quality Control and
... Protein folding in the ER, in particular, is aided by chaperones and cochaperones. Chaperones are proteins that interact transiently with other non-native proteins to help them acquire a native state. Chaperones do not direct the outcome of the folding process; instead, they enhance the efficiency o ...
... Protein folding in the ER, in particular, is aided by chaperones and cochaperones. Chaperones are proteins that interact transiently with other non-native proteins to help them acquire a native state. Chaperones do not direct the outcome of the folding process; instead, they enhance the efficiency o ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... although this seems to be primarily in the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosome ...
... although this seems to be primarily in the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosome ...
Using storage organelles for the accumulation and encapsulation of
... transplastomic tobacco, transient expression in tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, plant viruses or hybrids thereof, hydroponic tobacco root secretion, hairy root cultures, and tobacco suspension cells [5]. This diversity has resulted in a large number of independent molecular farming enterpri ...
... transplastomic tobacco, transient expression in tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, plant viruses or hybrids thereof, hydroponic tobacco root secretion, hairy root cultures, and tobacco suspension cells [5]. This diversity has resulted in a large number of independent molecular farming enterpri ...
pMAL FAQs
... happens during harvest and lysis. Harvesting promptly and lysing the cells quickly may help. In other cases, degradation occurs when the fusion protein is exposed to periplasmic or outer membrane proteases. The best strategy in either case is to use a host which is deficient in the offending proteas ...
... happens during harvest and lysis. Harvesting promptly and lysing the cells quickly may help. In other cases, degradation occurs when the fusion protein is exposed to periplasmic or outer membrane proteases. The best strategy in either case is to use a host which is deficient in the offending proteas ...
Heart Failure and Protein Quality Control
... Recent data indicate that polyubiquitin chain assembly factor (E4) may also play an important role,16 as UFD2a, an E4 exclusively expressed in cardiac muscle during mouse embryonic development, is essential for normal heart development.17 There is 1 ubiquitin E1, approximately 50 E2s, and more than ...
... Recent data indicate that polyubiquitin chain assembly factor (E4) may also play an important role,16 as UFD2a, an E4 exclusively expressed in cardiac muscle during mouse embryonic development, is essential for normal heart development.17 There is 1 ubiquitin E1, approximately 50 E2s, and more than ...
doc BIOC 311 Final Study Guide
... to its substrate (Fe, Cu, Zn). Metal-associated enzymes contain loosely associates cytoplasmic metal ions such as sodium and potassium. d. Electrostatic Catalysis – Exclusion of water from the active site turns it into an organic region by lowering the dielectric constant. e. Optimal Proximity and O ...
... to its substrate (Fe, Cu, Zn). Metal-associated enzymes contain loosely associates cytoplasmic metal ions such as sodium and potassium. d. Electrostatic Catalysis – Exclusion of water from the active site turns it into an organic region by lowering the dielectric constant. e. Optimal Proximity and O ...
Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes and bacterial evasion
... possesses features that are not present in early phagosomes, but lacks other features that are typical of late phagosomes (discussed below). As in endosomes, phagosomal membrane proteins destined for degradation are ubiquitinated and associate with the endosomal-sorting complex required for transpor ...
... possesses features that are not present in early phagosomes, but lacks other features that are typical of late phagosomes (discussed below). As in endosomes, phagosomal membrane proteins destined for degradation are ubiquitinated and associate with the endosomal-sorting complex required for transpor ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).