ESTIMATING THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY IN TURKEY Fethi ÖĞÜNÇ (Statistician)
... The increase of tax burden and social security contributions is the most important factor behind the increasing underground economic activities. As it is known, taxes affect labor-leisure choices of economic agents and also encourage labor supply towards to underground or untaxed sector of economy. ...
... The increase of tax burden and social security contributions is the most important factor behind the increasing underground economic activities. As it is known, taxes affect labor-leisure choices of economic agents and also encourage labor supply towards to underground or untaxed sector of economy. ...
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT (Abstract)
... Curriculum and Syllabus of Economics should therefore follow the above line of thinking. Regular updating of both Curriculum and Syllabus in Economics is unavoidable because the subject of Economics has a rapid growth as compared to most of the other social sciences and also being a discipline that ...
... Curriculum and Syllabus of Economics should therefore follow the above line of thinking. Regular updating of both Curriculum and Syllabus in Economics is unavoidable because the subject of Economics has a rapid growth as compared to most of the other social sciences and also being a discipline that ...
(c) Curriculum for B.Sc. Degree in Economics 100 Level Harmattan
... Classification; the Theory of Production; The firm and pure monopolistic Competition; Oligopoly; Pricing and Employment of Resources. ECO 302: Macroeconomic Theory I (3 UNITS) Introduction to Macro-economics; Measurement of economic Activity; Nigerian National Accounts; National Income Models; Eleme ...
... Classification; the Theory of Production; The firm and pure monopolistic Competition; Oligopoly; Pricing and Employment of Resources. ECO 302: Macroeconomic Theory I (3 UNITS) Introduction to Macro-economics; Measurement of economic Activity; Nigerian National Accounts; National Income Models; Eleme ...
Foreign Direct Investment and Civil Liberties: a new perspective
... negative effect on the productivity of the workforce. In such an environment workers are not accustomed to taking initiatives, cannot co-operate effectively, and have lower incentives to be productive. This implies lower returns to foreign investments. In this case an increase in economic rights and ...
... negative effect on the productivity of the workforce. In such an environment workers are not accustomed to taking initiatives, cannot co-operate effectively, and have lower incentives to be productive. This implies lower returns to foreign investments. In this case an increase in economic rights and ...
Title: Why Foreign Aid may be More Effective at Promoting Economic
... Thus far, the political science literature on the autocratic reform advantage, or the democratic reform disadvantage, has not been brought to bear on the economics literature dealing with foreign aid effectiveness. Indeed, the former would be largely irrelevant to the latter if foreign aid affected ...
... Thus far, the political science literature on the autocratic reform advantage, or the democratic reform disadvantage, has not been brought to bear on the economics literature dealing with foreign aid effectiveness. Indeed, the former would be largely irrelevant to the latter if foreign aid affected ...
Votes and Vetoes: The Political Determinants of
... therefore have reason to raise trade barriers when these conditions worsen in an effort to bolster their prospects of retaining office. It is widely argued that, among the macroeconomic determinants of trade policy, unemployment is crucial. In fact, as Bergsten and Cline (1983:77) point out, ‘‘conve ...
... therefore have reason to raise trade barriers when these conditions worsen in an effort to bolster their prospects of retaining office. It is widely argued that, among the macroeconomic determinants of trade policy, unemployment is crucial. In fact, as Bergsten and Cline (1983:77) point out, ‘‘conve ...
MBIE briefing for incoming Ministers
... MBIE has responsibility for extensive policy and service delivery that impact on the business environment. This includes responsibility for key legislative and regulatory frameworks (MBIE is responsible for 144 Acts and other pieces of legislation); management of key public services for business bot ...
... MBIE has responsibility for extensive policy and service delivery that impact on the business environment. This includes responsibility for key legislative and regulatory frameworks (MBIE is responsible for 144 Acts and other pieces of legislation); management of key public services for business bot ...
Conditional Effects of Democracy and Trade
... puzzles, providing a more nuanced understanding of the political world and creating theoretical space for multiple theoretical accounts, albeit at different time periods. Social Context and Empirical Puzzles Arguing for a richer understanding of international politics, social theories maintain that ...
... puzzles, providing a more nuanced understanding of the political world and creating theoretical space for multiple theoretical accounts, albeit at different time periods. Social Context and Empirical Puzzles Arguing for a richer understanding of international politics, social theories maintain that ...
If, When, How: A Primer on Fiscal Stimulus
... amounting to about $70 billion in today’s economy, distributed in the second quarter to households that are likely to spend much of their extra income, would boost the level of GDP by about 0.5 percent during the second and third quarters of the year. Thus, true fiscal stimulus implemented promptly ...
... amounting to about $70 billion in today’s economy, distributed in the second quarter to households that are likely to spend much of their extra income, would boost the level of GDP by about 0.5 percent during the second and third quarters of the year. Thus, true fiscal stimulus implemented promptly ...
Formal and informal economies
... world with a population of more than 8 million, London and New York. By 1990, there were six such cities in industrialized countries, a number not expected to change before the end of the century and in the Third World there were 14 such cities. Using a higher threshold population of 10 million, the ...
... world with a population of more than 8 million, London and New York. By 1990, there were six such cities in industrialized countries, a number not expected to change before the end of the century and in the Third World there were 14 such cities. Using a higher threshold population of 10 million, the ...
Should Transportation Spending be included in a Stimulus Program?
... or repair projects or projects that are already under way and can be accelerated – often referred to as “shovel-ready” projects – stand a better chance to provide a more immediate economic boost. Overall, the economics literature provides an unfortunately wide range of estimates regarding the effec ...
... or repair projects or projects that are already under way and can be accelerated – often referred to as “shovel-ready” projects – stand a better chance to provide a more immediate economic boost. Overall, the economics literature provides an unfortunately wide range of estimates regarding the effec ...
Trade Policy Reform in Myanmar Abstract Daw Zin Zin Naing
... 40% of total exports, agriculture (20%) and timber (7%). An emerging garment industry now accounts for 7.7% of total exports, larger than the historical export pillars, such as timber, marine or precious stones. . The government of Myanmar is therefore actively encouraging export diversification whi ...
... 40% of total exports, agriculture (20%) and timber (7%). An emerging garment industry now accounts for 7.7% of total exports, larger than the historical export pillars, such as timber, marine or precious stones. . The government of Myanmar is therefore actively encouraging export diversification whi ...
The Big Picture of Monetary–Fiscal Interactions
... policy. As Kotlikoff (2006) and many others have argued, making inferences solely based on the current budget position may lead to serious underestimates of potential fiscal problems. ...
... policy. As Kotlikoff (2006) and many others have argued, making inferences solely based on the current budget position may lead to serious underestimates of potential fiscal problems. ...
Empirical Analysis on the Relationship Between Logistics Industry
... obvious, and even gradually abating. To keep the supply and demand balance of logistics in Xuzhou and to ensure the favorable interaction between economic growth and logistics industry, Xuzhou should seize the golden opportunity brought about by national adjustment on the logistics industry and the ...
... obvious, and even gradually abating. To keep the supply and demand balance of logistics in Xuzhou and to ensure the favorable interaction between economic growth and logistics industry, Xuzhou should seize the golden opportunity brought about by national adjustment on the logistics industry and the ...
The Effectiveness of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in
... These results were confirmed for Pakistan for the period 1981-2009 by Jawaid, Arif and Naeemullah (2010). Namely, they investigated the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data. Although the co-integration results indicated that both po ...
... These results were confirmed for Pakistan for the period 1981-2009 by Jawaid, Arif and Naeemullah (2010). Namely, they investigated the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy on economic growth in Pakistan using annual time series data. Although the co-integration results indicated that both po ...
The Devaluation of the Birr - Solidarity Movement for a New Ethiopia
... Increased volatility and uncertainty: Since devaluation affects expectations, it could increase the volatility in the exchange rate as well. Fluctuating prices of domestic goods (caused by devaluing the birr and which will be accompanied by increased price of demand) will increase uncertainty, with ...
... Increased volatility and uncertainty: Since devaluation affects expectations, it could increase the volatility in the exchange rate as well. Fluctuating prices of domestic goods (caused by devaluing the birr and which will be accompanied by increased price of demand) will increase uncertainty, with ...
The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Economic Growth
... Both Acs and Audretsch (1993) and Carlsson (1992) provide evidence concerning manufacturing industries in countries in varying stages of economic development. Carlsson advances two explanations for the shift toward smallness. The first deals with fundamental changes in the world economy from the 197 ...
... Both Acs and Audretsch (1993) and Carlsson (1992) provide evidence concerning manufacturing industries in countries in varying stages of economic development. Carlsson advances two explanations for the shift toward smallness. The first deals with fundamental changes in the world economy from the 197 ...
Ups and Downs - Semantic Scholar
... that is, wages adjusted for inflation, move in the opposite direction from output: Real wages rise when output falls, since as output falls so do prices, while wages are sticky, and vice versa. According to another well-known economic theory, the real business-cycle theory, how much workers get paid ...
... that is, wages adjusted for inflation, move in the opposite direction from output: Real wages rise when output falls, since as output falls so do prices, while wages are sticky, and vice versa. According to another well-known economic theory, the real business-cycle theory, how much workers get paid ...
School of Economics The Economists and New Zealand
... agriculture. We will deal with economists’ reactions to these events seriatim. At the NIC in 1928, all-round support was given to implement immigration restrictions in the face of a cyclical downturn in export receipts. The government’s decision was made ‘in the interests of the working classes’ (Bo ...
... agriculture. We will deal with economists’ reactions to these events seriatim. At the NIC in 1928, all-round support was given to implement immigration restrictions in the face of a cyclical downturn in export receipts. The government’s decision was made ‘in the interests of the working classes’ (Bo ...
Promoting active learning
... areas are inadequate. The government is therefore, not able to mobilize resources to the desired extent. 4.Rapid Growth of Population: The rapid rate of population growth is swallowing up whatever little economic progress is made. The government is anxious to speed up the economic development in the ...
... areas are inadequate. The government is therefore, not able to mobilize resources to the desired extent. 4.Rapid Growth of Population: The rapid rate of population growth is swallowing up whatever little economic progress is made. The government is anxious to speed up the economic development in the ...
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
... Foreign aid is used to cover all financial transactions made or guaranteed by one government to another. Indeed, foreign aid has become a focus and locus in the Third World. It has assumed the status of foreign policy instrument by developed democracies to strengthen their relationship with, and con ...
... Foreign aid is used to cover all financial transactions made or guaranteed by one government to another. Indeed, foreign aid has become a focus and locus in the Third World. It has assumed the status of foreign policy instrument by developed democracies to strengthen their relationship with, and con ...
The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Fiscal Policy
... concerns about a recession developed, Congress added a set of cash rebates to the original set of tax cuts proposed by President Bush, in order to help stimulate the economy in the short run. In early 2002, in response to the 2001 recession that was not then known to have ended, Congress introduced ...
... concerns about a recession developed, Congress added a set of cash rebates to the original set of tax cuts proposed by President Bush, in order to help stimulate the economy in the short run. In early 2002, in response to the 2001 recession that was not then known to have ended, Congress introduced ...
economics bulletin
... A complete description of the program’s official offerings and requirements is available from the department at http://www.du.edu/ahss/schools/economics/. The University of Denver is an Equal Opportunity institution. We admit students of any race, color, national and ethnic origin to all the rights, ...
... A complete description of the program’s official offerings and requirements is available from the department at http://www.du.edu/ahss/schools/economics/. The University of Denver is an Equal Opportunity institution. We admit students of any race, color, national and ethnic origin to all the rights, ...
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT Abstract
... enjoying life time learning. It is necessary to repeat that the goal of higher education is two fold: Knowledge Creation and its utilization through activities that are useful to the learners as well as the society. Coming to the curriculum of Economics, our objective is to impart: (i) knowledge of ...
... enjoying life time learning. It is necessary to repeat that the goal of higher education is two fold: Knowledge Creation and its utilization through activities that are useful to the learners as well as the society. Coming to the curriculum of Economics, our objective is to impart: (i) knowledge of ...