WHEN IS EVIL? - San Diego State University
... Part of the problem for the problem of evil is the metaphysical/theological starting point that requires ontology of evil that seems to have no answers. Thus, the ontotheological approaches provide little understanding of a concept of evil. The starting point asks, What is evil? What is the source o ...
... Part of the problem for the problem of evil is the metaphysical/theological starting point that requires ontology of evil that seems to have no answers. Thus, the ontotheological approaches provide little understanding of a concept of evil. The starting point asks, What is evil? What is the source o ...
The Missing Formal Proof of Humanity`s Radical Evil in Kant`s
... held responsible only for things that we freely choose, and if we freely choose something, we must have been free not to choose it. So Kant seems to be claiming that we necessarily freely choose one way rather than another, whereas freedom and necessity surely exclude one another. Richard Bernstein ...
... held responsible only for things that we freely choose, and if we freely choose something, we must have been free not to choose it. So Kant seems to be claiming that we necessarily freely choose one way rather than another, whereas freedom and necessity surely exclude one another. Richard Bernstein ...
Taking reincarnation seriously
... instance of such retrospective awareness, Hick cites the experience attributed to Gautama the Buddha, who is held within Buddhist traditions to have recalled details of countless of his own former lives as well as achieving insight into the multiple lives of others.30 With this hoped-for remembranc ...
... instance of such retrospective awareness, Hick cites the experience attributed to Gautama the Buddha, who is held within Buddhist traditions to have recalled details of countless of his own former lives as well as achieving insight into the multiple lives of others.30 With this hoped-for remembranc ...
A Post-Secular Faith? Connolly on Pluralism and Evil
... particularly, Christianity differently, that is, in ways that reduce the demand for salvation by an omnipotent God. Whilst the question of evil is not the sole focus of Connolly’s enquiries, nevertheless, the nature of evil for Augustine occupies much of the text. Evil denotes the transgression of t ...
... particularly, Christianity differently, that is, in ways that reduce the demand for salvation by an omnipotent God. Whilst the question of evil is not the sole focus of Connolly’s enquiries, nevertheless, the nature of evil for Augustine occupies much of the text. Evil denotes the transgression of t ...
Evil and Human Nature.
... to distinguish between moral evils and natural evils. Moral evils are those bad things (like war and crimes) that are caused by moral agents; natural evils are those bad things (like earthquakes and disease) that are not caused by moral agents. Since the existence of evils of both sorts is usually t ...
... to distinguish between moral evils and natural evils. Moral evils are those bad things (like war and crimes) that are caused by moral agents; natural evils are those bad things (like earthquakes and disease) that are not caused by moral agents. Since the existence of evils of both sorts is usually t ...
Is Diabolical Action Possible? - Inter
... all that is required for our concept of ‘wanting’ is that a man should see what he wants under the aspect of some good.9 So understood, while Satan is surely acting wrongly when he takes on the Throne, by his own lights, there is something good about what he does, even if there is much to be said ag ...
... all that is required for our concept of ‘wanting’ is that a man should see what he wants under the aspect of some good.9 So understood, while Satan is surely acting wrongly when he takes on the Throne, by his own lights, there is something good about what he does, even if there is much to be said ag ...
PDF, 120kb - Early Modern Texts
... The definition brings in something new (I think), in classifying a cause as a ‘circumstance’; but I’ll set that aside, ·and offer two main comments on the definition·. First comment: This definition of ‘cause’ is just a reworded version of the definition that Hume gave. He ought to be acknowledged a ...
... The definition brings in something new (I think), in classifying a cause as a ‘circumstance’; but I’ll set that aside, ·and offer two main comments on the definition·. First comment: This definition of ‘cause’ is just a reworded version of the definition that Hume gave. He ought to be acknowledged a ...
Rethinking Theology: The Shadow of the
... Coffee but Might Have a Coke.” There I argued that the absence of official rational explanations or descriptions of beliefs and practices, and the presence of differing and inconsistent explanations for and descriptions of belief within the membership of the church, suggests that we have little if ...
... Coffee but Might Have a Coke.” There I argued that the absence of official rational explanations or descriptions of beliefs and practices, and the presence of differing and inconsistent explanations for and descriptions of belief within the membership of the church, suggests that we have little if ...
THE MORAL SANCTION THE idea of a moral sanction has given
... from self, for if the order, of which we have spoken, is solidly established, virtue should be its own rewal'd. Certainly, if a virtuous man by any chance should succumb irrevocably to the powers of evil, such defection might be considered an absolute evil. lt is not, however, in any sense of the wo ...
... from self, for if the order, of which we have spoken, is solidly established, virtue should be its own rewal'd. Certainly, if a virtuous man by any chance should succumb irrevocably to the powers of evil, such defection might be considered an absolute evil. lt is not, however, in any sense of the wo ...
Existence and Needs: A case for the equal moral considerability of
... an object. These apparently have their essence as determined by human scientific elaboration. The zuhanden and vorhanden can be true for all things, animals and human subjects but the speciality of humans consists in their subjective capacity to articulate meaning of these modes of being. For instan ...
... an object. These apparently have their essence as determined by human scientific elaboration. The zuhanden and vorhanden can be true for all things, animals and human subjects but the speciality of humans consists in their subjective capacity to articulate meaning of these modes of being. For instan ...
Evil for freedom`s sake? David Lewis
... truth - God permits evil for the sake of some good or other - but something fairly substantive and detailed. One who claims to know God's mind so well (especially if he claims to know without benefit of revelation) will seem both foolhardy and impudent. 'Defence', on the other hand, means just any h ...
... truth - God permits evil for the sake of some good or other - but something fairly substantive and detailed. One who claims to know God's mind so well (especially if he claims to know without benefit of revelation) will seem both foolhardy and impudent. 'Defence', on the other hand, means just any h ...
The Logical Argument is not Bankrupt
... from Evil, or simply, the Logical Argument. As a result of his refutation, more atheologicallyinclined philosophers of religion have increasingly turned to evidential and probabilistic formulations of the Problem of Evil, with the existence of evil merely making the existence of God improbable and n ...
... from Evil, or simply, the Logical Argument. As a result of his refutation, more atheologicallyinclined philosophers of religion have increasingly turned to evidential and probabilistic formulations of the Problem of Evil, with the existence of evil merely making the existence of God improbable and n ...
Essay - IPO2012
... adequate basis for driving a hedge further into human society or the animal kingdom. In continuation of this view, let us take a similar point of initiation as that which is done in political philosophy concerning universal equality: viz. humans, although having differences (skin tone, hair colour, ...
... adequate basis for driving a hedge further into human society or the animal kingdom. In continuation of this view, let us take a similar point of initiation as that which is done in political philosophy concerning universal equality: viz. humans, although having differences (skin tone, hair colour, ...
Pre-Existence and Chaos: The Struggle for Order
... have children, has them not, while another man casts out his own offspring as being unduly numerous; why one man hates children before they are born, and another man loves them after birth, or how it is not absurd that nothing will come to pass which is not with God--and therefore it is inevitable t ...
... have children, has them not, while another man casts out his own offspring as being unduly numerous; why one man hates children before they are born, and another man loves them after birth, or how it is not absurd that nothing will come to pass which is not with God--and therefore it is inevitable t ...
Moral and Social Philosophy
... • He does not remain distant from our sin and suffering. • He stoops to the human level, and bears sin, pain and human death for us. (The Cross) • He lifts us up back to where we belong, forgiving us all our sin. (The Resurrection) • Although this is seen in Jesus, it is a process that occurs throug ...
... • He does not remain distant from our sin and suffering. • He stoops to the human level, and bears sin, pain and human death for us. (The Cross) • He lifts us up back to where we belong, forgiving us all our sin. (The Resurrection) • Although this is seen in Jesus, it is a process that occurs throug ...
Mackie and Rowe
... thC)rouglhlycriticised by philosophers. But the theologian can, if he wishes, this criticism. He can admit that no rational proof of God's existence oo:ssltJle. And he can still retain all that is essential to his position, by that God's existence is known in some other, non-rational way. I however, ...
... thC)rouglhlycriticised by philosophers. But the theologian can, if he wishes, this criticism. He can admit that no rational proof of God's existence oo:ssltJle. And he can still retain all that is essential to his position, by that God's existence is known in some other, non-rational way. I however, ...
The Argument from Design & Darwinism
... itself God and is imperfect, finite, and limited. In this way, it allows the existence of evil as incomplete goodness. ...
... itself God and is imperfect, finite, and limited. In this way, it allows the existence of evil as incomplete goodness. ...
Christian Apologetics, IV The Problem of Evil
... • As Plantinga has pointed out, it is quite possible for something to be very improbable, relative to one kind of evidence, and yet certain, relative to our total evidence. • For example, given the data about the frequency of last names in the world, it is very unlikely that I would have a mother-in ...
... • As Plantinga has pointed out, it is quite possible for something to be very improbable, relative to one kind of evidence, and yet certain, relative to our total evidence. • For example, given the data about the frequency of last names in the world, it is very unlikely that I would have a mother-in ...
GUIDE AND REVIEW FOR FINAL EXAM IN PHILOSOPHY: As you
... Terms you need to know from reading and lecture material. In order to help you, I’ve given you definitions to most terms. A. ...
... Terms you need to know from reading and lecture material. In order to help you, I’ve given you definitions to most terms. A. ...
The argument from evil
... God allows evil for the sake of our free will. It is impossible for us to have free will and always act rightly; so it is impossible for God to create a world in which we have free will and there is no evil. So, God creates a world with evil because it is the only way to make a world which contains ...
... God allows evil for the sake of our free will. It is impossible for us to have free will and always act rightly; so it is impossible for God to create a world in which we have free will and there is no evil. So, God creates a world with evil because it is the only way to make a world which contains ...
arguments - UCSD Philosophy
... Free will is good, but that good? Everyone knows we shouldn’t let a murder happen just so the would-be murderer can exercise his free will. Does free will imply that the power to inflict great harm is good? Natural evil? ...
... Free will is good, but that good? Everyone knows we shouldn’t let a murder happen just so the would-be murderer can exercise his free will. Does free will imply that the power to inflict great harm is good? Natural evil? ...
God Must Be Evil - Sarah`s ePortfolio
... significant free will, rather than a world free of evil. Morally significant free will is the ability to act upon a choice that involves morality. We can think of this as a person being faced with three choices, two are morally good and the other morally bad. In morally significant free will the per ...
... significant free will, rather than a world free of evil. Morally significant free will is the ability to act upon a choice that involves morality. We can think of this as a person being faced with three choices, two are morally good and the other morally bad. In morally significant free will the per ...
Irenaean theodicy
The Irenaean theodicy is a Christian theodicy designed to respond to the problem of evil. As such, it defends the probability of an omnipotent and omnibenevolent (all-powerful and perfectly loving) God in the face of evidence of evil in the world. Numerous variations of theodicy have been proposed which all maintain that, while evil exists, God is either not responsible for creating evil, or he is not guilty for creating evil. Typically, the Irenaean theodicy asserts that the world is the best of all possible worlds because it allows humans to fully develop. Most versions of the Irenaean theodicy propose that creation is incomplete, as humans are not yet fully developed, and experiencing evil and suffering is necessary for such development.Second-century philosopher and theologian Irenaeus, after whom the theodicy is named, proposed a two-stage creation process in which humans require free will and the experience of evil to develop. Another early Christian theologian, Origen, presented a response to the problem of evil which cast the world as a schoolroom or hospital for the soul; theologian Mark Scott has argued that Origen, rather than Irenaeus, ought to be considered the father of this kind of theodicy. Friedrich Schleiermacher argued in the nineteenth century that God must necessarily create flawlessly, so this world must be the best possible world because it allows God's purposes to be naturally fulfilled. In 1966, philosopher John Hick discussed the similarities of the preceding theodicies, calling them all ""Irenaean"". He supported the view that creation is incomplete and argued that the world is best placed for the full moral development of humans, as it presents genuine moral choices. British philosopher Richard Swinburne proposed that, to make a free moral choice, humans must have experience of the consequences of their own actions and that natural evil must exist to provide such choices.The development of process theology has challenged the Irenaean tradition by teaching that God's power is limited and that he cannot be responsible for evil. Twentieth century philosopher Alvin Plantinga supported the idea that this world is the best possible world, arguing that the good in the world (including God's infinite goodness) outweighs the evil and proposing that the ultimate good of God's sacrifice when Jesus was crucified necessitated the existence of evil. His free will defence was not a theodicy because he was trying to show the logical compatibility of evil and the existence of God, rather than the probability of God. D. Z. Phillips and Fyodor Dostoyevsky challenged the instrumental use of suffering, suggesting that love cannot be expressed through suffering. However, Dostoyevsky also states that the beauty of love is evident, in that love can continue to grow, withstand and overcome even the most evil acts. Michael Tooley argued that the magnitude of suffering is excessive and that, in some cases, cannot lead to moral development. French theologian Henri Blocher criticised Hick's universalism, arguing that such a view negates free will, which was similarly important to the theodicy.