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The lustre of pearls
The lustre of pearls

Extra Credit
Extra Credit

Resins for Optics
Resins for Optics

... 1-1. Brief Description of the Refractive Index The refractive index shows the optical density of a material and it is generally represented by “n”. In other words, the refractive index is the resistance under which light passes through a material. A greater resistance results in an increased refract ...
PH4035 - Principles of Optics
PH4035 - Principles of Optics

... provide a detailed discussion of different optical instruments for spectroscopy, benchmark, and compare them define optical coherence and relate it to spectral and spatial properties of the light source by way of the Wiener-Khintchine theorem introduce and develop Kirchoff's theory of scalar diffrac ...
Physics 263 Experiment 6 Geometric Optics 1 Refraction
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... In this laboratory, we will perform several experiments on “geometric” optics. A pictorial diagram of the various components to be used is shown in Figure 5. ...
Ge 114 - Optical Mineralogy: Laboratory Exercise #2
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... report. 1. The first slide (3-1, colors) is designed to illustrate interference effects as seen in orthoscopic light. It is made by 4 superimposed thin sheets of mylar packaging tape, a crystalline, anisotropic polymer. Examine it under crossed polarizers. Note: the long slide is best for observing ...
LECTURE 6 (3 hours): ISOTROPIC AND UNIAXIAL MINERALS
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... order inteference bands which are also called isochromes. The number of interference bands are related to the birefrigence of the mineral and the thickness of the mineral grain (FIG. 6.12). In oblique sections the optic axis of the mineral is not aligned with the axis of the microscope. Therefore, ...
Huygens` and Fermat`s Principles – Application to reflection
Huygens` and Fermat`s Principles – Application to reflection

... Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1957, Ch. 1,2 ...
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Part 1

CENTENNIAL HONORS COLLEGE Western Illinois University Undergraduate Research Day 2016
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... When light travels from a vacuum of space into our atmosphere there is a very slight refraction. This is normally not noticed, except when there is a total eclipse of the moon. During the total eclipse stage, the moon is not visible, but will appear very slightly. This is because it has been lit up ...
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refl and refr, mirrors
refl and refr, mirrors

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Chapter 23: Electromagnetic waves What will we learn in this chapter?
Chapter 23: Electromagnetic waves What will we learn in this chapter?

... The wave is transverse, i.e., both E and B are perpendicular to the direction of propagation and to each other. There is a definite ratio between the magnitudes: E = cB The wave travels in vacuum with a constant speed c. The wave does not need a medium to propagate. The fields ...
Optical Properties of Condensed Matters
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Lecture 27
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The Analysis of Liquid Crystal Phases using Polarized Optical

... 1.3 Theory of birefringence Birefringent or doubly-refracting sample has a unique property that it can produce two individual wave components while one wave passes through it, those two components are termed as ordinary and extraordinary waves. Figure 7 is an illustration of a typical construction o ...
Chapter 24
Chapter 24

Principles of light guidance
Principles of light guidance

... Even if we eliminate all types of multimode dispersion, pulses of light having different wavelengths still travel at different velocities in silica, so pulse spreading is still possible if we use a spread of wavelengths. This is called Together, Material Dispersion and Material Dispersion and is Wav ...
Effective refractive index for determining ray propagation in an
Effective refractive index for determining ray propagation in an

Measuring the Index of Refraction of Air
Measuring the Index of Refraction of Air

The ins and outs of conical refraction
The ins and outs of conical refraction

... the optic axes of wave normals, or binormals (or several other names), in the case of the wave-normal surface. At first sight these binormals might seem less interesting than the general directions that yield two distinct wave velocities and hence are associated with double refraction, but Hamilton ...
reflection, refraction, lense and optical instruments
reflection, refraction, lense and optical instruments

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Birefringence



Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with asymmetric crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress.Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in calcite, a crystal having one of the strongest birefringences. However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector).
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