el bndes de la sustitución de importaciones al neoliberalismo. una
... Market-oriented policies were established right after the Brazilian dictatorship (1964), primarily in the financial sector (Hermann, 2002; Guth, 2006), in the tax system, and in the labor markets (Marquetti, Maldonado, and Lautert, 2010). For this article, the key turning point towards neoliberalism ...
... Market-oriented policies were established right after the Brazilian dictatorship (1964), primarily in the financial sector (Hermann, 2002; Guth, 2006), in the tax system, and in the labor markets (Marquetti, Maldonado, and Lautert, 2010). For this article, the key turning point towards neoliberalism ...
Economics and Political Economy
... burden increases the production costs of goods and services which increase their price in the formal market. Therefore, firms operating in developing countries like Egypt have higher incentives to engage in informal activities in order to evade taxes and to reduce production costs to be able to sell ...
... burden increases the production costs of goods and services which increase their price in the formal market. Therefore, firms operating in developing countries like Egypt have higher incentives to engage in informal activities in order to evade taxes and to reduce production costs to be able to sell ...
On the Statics and Dynamics of Net External Assets
... theory, there are two main forces that drive the evolution of NEA: consumption smoothing and domestic investment opportunities. If an open economy is below its steady state, it should have high rates of return on capital. In addition, the expected future income is high relative to the present income ...
... theory, there are two main forces that drive the evolution of NEA: consumption smoothing and domestic investment opportunities. If an open economy is below its steady state, it should have high rates of return on capital. In addition, the expected future income is high relative to the present income ...
Privatisation Methods and Economic Growth in Transition Economies
... foreign participation. Mixed privatisation has led to insider ownership, often dominated by managers, and sometimes with a large retained state ownership share (e.g., Romania and Slovenia). The consequences of mass privatisation for ownership have been more complex. In Russia and Ukraine, widespread ...
... foreign participation. Mixed privatisation has led to insider ownership, often dominated by managers, and sometimes with a large retained state ownership share (e.g., Romania and Slovenia). The consequences of mass privatisation for ownership have been more complex. In Russia and Ukraine, widespread ...
Manufacturing for Growth Strategies for Driving Growth and
... More and more, the factors that influence the competitiveness of countries and companies extend beyond traditional production inputs such as the cost of labour and materials. Today, manufacturing executives view competitiveness and the drivers that influence their companies’ ability to compete thro ...
... More and more, the factors that influence the competitiveness of countries and companies extend beyond traditional production inputs such as the cost of labour and materials. Today, manufacturing executives view competitiveness and the drivers that influence their companies’ ability to compete thro ...
Fair Weather or Foul? The Macroeconomic Effects of El Niño∗
... ing (Adams et al. 1995 and Solow et al. 1998); or particular commodity markets, including co¤ee, corn, and soybean (Handler and Handler 1983, Iizumi et al. 2014, and Ubilava 2012). Regarding the economic importance of El Niño events, Brunner (2002) argues that the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle ...
... ing (Adams et al. 1995 and Solow et al. 1998); or particular commodity markets, including co¤ee, corn, and soybean (Handler and Handler 1983, Iizumi et al. 2014, and Ubilava 2012). Regarding the economic importance of El Niño events, Brunner (2002) argues that the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle ...
Chapter 4 - Dr. George Fahmy
... Real GDP and potential GDP for the U.S. economy are plotted in Fig. 4-1 for the period 1960 through 1992. Note that the U.S. economy's potential output increases at a fairly steady rate each year while actual real GDP fluctuates around potential GDP. These fluctuations of real GDP are identified as ...
... Real GDP and potential GDP for the U.S. economy are plotted in Fig. 4-1 for the period 1960 through 1992. Note that the U.S. economy's potential output increases at a fairly steady rate each year while actual real GDP fluctuates around potential GDP. These fluctuations of real GDP are identified as ...
The Indian Economy At A Crossroads
... annual growth associated with the Indian Economic Miracle of the 1990s and early 2000s appears to be an increasingly distant memory. Yet even as India’s policymakers must contend with slowing economic growth, they are also concerned by a large current account deficit, persistently high unemployment ...
... annual growth associated with the Indian Economic Miracle of the 1990s and early 2000s appears to be an increasingly distant memory. Yet even as India’s policymakers must contend with slowing economic growth, they are also concerned by a large current account deficit, persistently high unemployment ...
The Indian Economy at at Crossroads
... annual growth associated with the Indian Economic Miracle of the 1990s and early 2000s appears to be an increasingly distant memory. Yet even as India’s policymakers must contend with slowing economic growth, they are also concerned by a large current account deficit, persistently high unemployment ...
... annual growth associated with the Indian Economic Miracle of the 1990s and early 2000s appears to be an increasingly distant memory. Yet even as India’s policymakers must contend with slowing economic growth, they are also concerned by a large current account deficit, persistently high unemployment ...
Alternative Methods for Measuring Productivity Growth Including
... Equations (9) and (12) are identical except for the fourth term of (9), which is the fixed-weight drift term. The other three terms are, in order: the pure (fixed-weight) productivity term using fixed nominal output weights for a given year (t = 0, which might be different from the base year for a f ...
... Equations (9) and (12) are identical except for the fourth term of (9), which is the fixed-weight drift term. The other three terms are, in order: the pure (fixed-weight) productivity term using fixed nominal output weights for a given year (t = 0, which might be different from the base year for a f ...
The Worldwide Shift of FDI to Services- How does it... Asia? New Evidence from Seventeen Asian Economies.
... 1. Introduction Emerging market and developing economies have been competing in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) because of its perceived positive productivity spillovers on receiving countries. For many developing countries FDI stands as the most important foreign source of financing as ...
... 1. Introduction Emerging market and developing economies have been competing in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) because of its perceived positive productivity spillovers on receiving countries. For many developing countries FDI stands as the most important foreign source of financing as ...
ge11 Keuschnigg 15050841 en
... is useful only for nancially constrained, innovative rms, those consequences are qualitatively similar to the ones of the other two instruments: nancial sector development relaxes nance constraints in the innovative sector, raises rms’ debt capacity, and boosts national welfare. The quality of ...
... is useful only for nancially constrained, innovative rms, those consequences are qualitatively similar to the ones of the other two instruments: nancial sector development relaxes nance constraints in the innovative sector, raises rms’ debt capacity, and boosts national welfare. The quality of ...
GDP Weighting in Asset Allocation
... economic weight. These countries may include those that are less mature, may not be completely liberalized, and may have a high relative proportion of state-owned or privately held companies. As shown in Exhibit 5, these include some important emerging markets seen by many investors as countries wit ...
... economic weight. These countries may include those that are less mature, may not be completely liberalized, and may have a high relative proportion of state-owned or privately held companies. As shown in Exhibit 5, these include some important emerging markets seen by many investors as countries wit ...
Trinidad and Tobago – An Economic and Political
... countries in 2012. Education levels, GNI per capita, and life expectancy have all risen substantially since 1990. In late 2011, the OECD removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of developing countries, and is now classified as a high income country. Relatively higher economic growth has improved t ...
... countries in 2012. Education levels, GNI per capita, and life expectancy have all risen substantially since 1990. In late 2011, the OECD removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of developing countries, and is now classified as a high income country. Relatively higher economic growth has improved t ...
Surviving the recession and the recovery: the SME story
... Mid-market companies showed the highest levels of optimism but, at the other end of the spectrum, micro businesses were least confident in both their own business prospects and the economic recovery, indicating that micro businesses may be lagging behind the general trend. Overall, the strongest upt ...
... Mid-market companies showed the highest levels of optimism but, at the other end of the spectrum, micro businesses were least confident in both their own business prospects and the economic recovery, indicating that micro businesses may be lagging behind the general trend. Overall, the strongest upt ...
The Macroeconomic Effects of Public Investment: Evidence from
... Six years after the global financial crisis, the recovery in many advanced economies remains tepid. There are now worries that demand will remain persistently weak—a possibility that has been described as “secular stagnation” (Summers 2013; Teulings and Baldwin 2014). One response that is being cons ...
... Six years after the global financial crisis, the recovery in many advanced economies remains tepid. There are now worries that demand will remain persistently weak—a possibility that has been described as “secular stagnation” (Summers 2013; Teulings and Baldwin 2014). One response that is being cons ...
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform (simplified Chinese: 改革开放; traditional Chinese: 改革開放; pinyin: Gǎigé kāifàng; literally: ""Reform & Opening up"") refers to the program of economic reforms called ""Socialism with Chinese characteristics"" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping.China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century. In the 18th century, Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s.Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9.5% a year. The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms.The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have minimized poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese ""dual-track"" economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the East Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies.