National Innovative Capacity -
... relatively few countries. For example, during the 1970s and the early 1980s, two countries, the United States and Switzerland maintained a per capita “international” patenting rate well in excess of all other advanced economies. The variation among advanced economies in their ability to innovate at ...
... relatively few countries. For example, during the 1970s and the early 1980s, two countries, the United States and Switzerland maintained a per capita “international” patenting rate well in excess of all other advanced economies. The variation among advanced economies in their ability to innovate at ...
Chapter 4: Economic costs associated with the
... The costs of a banking crisis usually fall into two broad classes: …scal costs and economic costs. Fiscal costs re‡ect actual outlays of public funds generated by government intervention to prevent or resolve the crisis.4 Economic costs mirror direct and indirect negative e¤ects of a banking crisis ...
... The costs of a banking crisis usually fall into two broad classes: …scal costs and economic costs. Fiscal costs re‡ect actual outlays of public funds generated by government intervention to prevent or resolve the crisis.4 Economic costs mirror direct and indirect negative e¤ects of a banking crisis ...
National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia
... proposed by Tanzi (1980), who estimated the underground economy in the US during 19291980. This method builds on earlier work of Cagan (1958) and Gutmann (1977). It assumes that people that engage in the informal economy would prefer to use cash, in order to avoid leaving traces. The essence of the ...
... proposed by Tanzi (1980), who estimated the underground economy in the US during 19291980. This method builds on earlier work of Cagan (1958) and Gutmann (1977). It assumes that people that engage in the informal economy would prefer to use cash, in order to avoid leaving traces. The essence of the ...
National Income Accounting - Queen's Economics Department
... add to GDP. Selling your car to a used car dealer who sells your car to someone else for a higher price, does add to GDP. The value added is the dealer's ...
... add to GDP. Selling your car to a used car dealer who sells your car to someone else for a higher price, does add to GDP. The value added is the dealer's ...
by Brian Moyer, Marshall Reinsdorf and Robert Yuskavage
... Paper presented at the Fourth Ottawa Productivity Workshop, February 17-18, 2005, at Statistics Canada, Ottawa. The author is indebted to the SSHRC for financial support but they are not responsible for any opinions expressed. This paper started out as a comment on Moyer, Reinsdorf and Yuskavage (20 ...
... Paper presented at the Fourth Ottawa Productivity Workshop, February 17-18, 2005, at Statistics Canada, Ottawa. The author is indebted to the SSHRC for financial support but they are not responsible for any opinions expressed. This paper started out as a comment on Moyer, Reinsdorf and Yuskavage (20 ...
the economic dimension - Institute Of Economic Affairs, Ghana
... much more poorly in industry and services compared with Malaysia and South Africa, and in agriculture compared with Malaysia. In the course of a country’s development, the primary agricultural sector tends to be dominant in the pre-industrial stage. But as development takes hold, rising agricultural ...
... much more poorly in industry and services compared with Malaysia and South Africa, and in agriculture compared with Malaysia. In the course of a country’s development, the primary agricultural sector tends to be dominant in the pre-industrial stage. But as development takes hold, rising agricultural ...
some characteristics of sharp current account deficit reversals in
... the deterioration of current account balances might offer good investment opportunities in the region when compared to the rest of the world. Indeed, a growing deficit might be a sign of the gradual growth of the economic strength of the transition economies and is thus not necessarily a bad thing. I ...
... the deterioration of current account balances might offer good investment opportunities in the region when compared to the rest of the world. Indeed, a growing deficit might be a sign of the gradual growth of the economic strength of the transition economies and is thus not necessarily a bad thing. I ...
Towards a better measurement of welfare and inequalities
... particular at the bottom and at the top of the distribution, in order to have a better picture of the sharing of the benefits of economic growth (and likewise the distributional impact of a recession). The comparative analysis across the EU is complex. Section 3 will analyse real growth in median in ...
... particular at the bottom and at the top of the distribution, in order to have a better picture of the sharing of the benefits of economic growth (and likewise the distributional impact of a recession). The comparative analysis across the EU is complex. Section 3 will analyse real growth in median in ...
Gross Domestic Product Preliminary Estimate, Quarter 3 (July to Sept)
... Change in GDP is the main indicator of economic growth. The preliminary estimate of GDP is based solely on the output approach to measuring GDP and uses the same data that feed into the Index of Services, Index of Production and Output in the Construction Industry datasets. The growth estimates with ...
... Change in GDP is the main indicator of economic growth. The preliminary estimate of GDP is based solely on the output approach to measuring GDP and uses the same data that feed into the Index of Services, Index of Production and Output in the Construction Industry datasets. The growth estimates with ...
The Role of Infrastructure in Pakistan's Economic Development: 1972- 1991 Looney, R.E.
... cent, while local governments have seen their share of general government capital formation increase from 12-15 per cent in the late 1970s-early 1980s to nearly 20 per cent by 1990.5 As one would ·expect. these patterns have been mirrored in the case of estimated and expected public sector investmen ...
... cent, while local governments have seen their share of general government capital formation increase from 12-15 per cent in the late 1970s-early 1980s to nearly 20 per cent by 1990.5 As one would ·expect. these patterns have been mirrored in the case of estimated and expected public sector investmen ...
Real GDP - Brazilian American Chamber of Commerce, Inc.
... • Positive outlook indicates a rating could be upgraded ...
... • Positive outlook indicates a rating could be upgraded ...
How Growth Deceleration in the People`s Republic of China Affects
... But it was closer to home in Asia where the rise of the PRC has been felt most strongly. In particular, the PRC has extensive trade, investment, and other economic links with East and Southeast Asia. Foreign direct investment from Hong Kong, China; Japan; the Republic of Korea; Taipei,China; and oth ...
... But it was closer to home in Asia where the rise of the PRC has been felt most strongly. In particular, the PRC has extensive trade, investment, and other economic links with East and Southeast Asia. Foreign direct investment from Hong Kong, China; Japan; the Republic of Korea; Taipei,China; and oth ...
Introduction to Macroeconomics TOPIC 1: Introduction, definitions
... 5.2. Trend and Business cycle - Cyclical properties Economic variables show comovement–they have regular and predictable patterns of behavior over the course of the business cycle A variable is procyclical when its cyclical component is positively correlated with the cyclical component of GDP. That ...
... 5.2. Trend and Business cycle - Cyclical properties Economic variables show comovement–they have regular and predictable patterns of behavior over the course of the business cycle A variable is procyclical when its cyclical component is positively correlated with the cyclical component of GDP. That ...
Reconstruction Dynamics: The Impact of World War II on Post%War
... long-run growth potential of di¤erent economies. To address these concerns, we propose a revised approach that provides for a more accurate account of the contribution of reconstruction dynamics to post-war growth. Our starting point is that World War II was not merely an episode of European history ...
... long-run growth potential of di¤erent economies. To address these concerns, we propose a revised approach that provides for a more accurate account of the contribution of reconstruction dynamics to post-war growth. Our starting point is that World War II was not merely an episode of European history ...
Diversification through Trade
... for a diverse group of countries to quantitatively assess how changes in trading costs since the early 1970s have a¤ected GDP volatility.2 The quantitative exercise uses as inputs the stochastic properties of country-speci…c sectoral productivity shocks, which we back out from the model on the basi ...
... for a diverse group of countries to quantitatively assess how changes in trading costs since the early 1970s have a¤ected GDP volatility.2 The quantitative exercise uses as inputs the stochastic properties of country-speci…c sectoral productivity shocks, which we back out from the model on the basi ...
Economic growth in Latin America in the late 20th
... larger than that of developed economies: in the US, per capita GDP growth declined from 1.7% per year in the 1960-1980 period to 1.1% in the 1981-2002 period. Second, as mentioned before, the growth deceleration is not uniform across countries. For example Chile and Dominican Republic accelerated pe ...
... larger than that of developed economies: in the US, per capita GDP growth declined from 1.7% per year in the 1960-1980 period to 1.1% in the 1981-2002 period. Second, as mentioned before, the growth deceleration is not uniform across countries. For example Chile and Dominican Republic accelerated pe ...
a study of factors responsible for growth, sickness and mortality of
... of businesses are frequent due to the fact that some provisions are not adequately provided for thus snuffing out life from such businesses. This high mortality rate is caused by so many factors which includes financial parasites, financial illiteracy, Get rich quick syndrome, unavailability of a co ...
... of businesses are frequent due to the fact that some provisions are not adequately provided for thus snuffing out life from such businesses. This high mortality rate is caused by so many factors which includes financial parasites, financial illiteracy, Get rich quick syndrome, unavailability of a co ...
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform (simplified Chinese: 改革开放; traditional Chinese: 改革開放; pinyin: Gǎigé kāifàng; literally: ""Reform & Opening up"") refers to the program of economic reforms called ""Socialism with Chinese characteristics"" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping.China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century. In the 18th century, Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s.Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9.5% a year. The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms.The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have minimized poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese ""dual-track"" economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the East Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies.