Metabolism of Carbohydrates
... Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) Link between energy releasing and energy requiring mechanisms ...
... Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) Link between energy releasing and energy requiring mechanisms ...
The Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate
... of the glucose molecule remains untapped. Under Aerobic conditions a much more dynamic pyruvate metabolism occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD+. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradi ...
... of the glucose molecule remains untapped. Under Aerobic conditions a much more dynamic pyruvate metabolism occurs. The 2 moles of NADH produced by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are oxidized in the electron transport chain back to NAD+. The electron transport chain generates a proton gradi ...
File
... • Substrate level phosphorylation • Energy of thioester allows for incorporation of inorganic phosphate • Goes through a phospho-enzyme intermediate • Produces GTP, which can be converted to ATP • Slightly thermodynamically favorable/reversible – Product concentration kept low to pull forward ...
... • Substrate level phosphorylation • Energy of thioester allows for incorporation of inorganic phosphate • Goes through a phospho-enzyme intermediate • Produces GTP, which can be converted to ATP • Slightly thermodynamically favorable/reversible – Product concentration kept low to pull forward ...
18_Energy metabolism. Biological oxidation. Chemiosmotic theory
... ATP is synthesized when protons flow back to the mitochondrial matrix through an enzyme complex ATP synthase. The oxidation of fuels and the phosphorylation of ADP are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
... ATP is synthesized when protons flow back to the mitochondrial matrix through an enzyme complex ATP synthase. The oxidation of fuels and the phosphorylation of ADP are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. ...
Unit 3 (Bioenergetics) Objectives and Essay Samples
... A controlled experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of darkness and boiling on the photosynthetic rate of incubated chloroplast suspensions. The dye reduction technique was used. Each chloroplast suspension was mixed with DPIP, an electron acceptor that changes from blue to clear when it is ...
... A controlled experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of darkness and boiling on the photosynthetic rate of incubated chloroplast suspensions. The dye reduction technique was used. Each chloroplast suspension was mixed with DPIP, an electron acceptor that changes from blue to clear when it is ...
Chapter 8
... Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product. ...
... Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H+ into the thylakoid space, and O2 as a waste product. ...
Chapter 18
... • Most pathway regulation occurs at such steps. • (Regulation at equilibrium steps does occur, usually by availability of a coenzyme ...
... • Most pathway regulation occurs at such steps. • (Regulation at equilibrium steps does occur, usually by availability of a coenzyme ...
Gluconeogenesis - Assignment Point
... cycle can also be used for gluconeogenesis. Amino acids, after their amino group has been removed, feed into parts of the citric acid cycle, and can thus can generate glucose in this pathway. • Fatty acids cannot be turned into glucose, as they are broken down into the two carbon acetyl CoA. (Howeve ...
... cycle can also be used for gluconeogenesis. Amino acids, after their amino group has been removed, feed into parts of the citric acid cycle, and can thus can generate glucose in this pathway. • Fatty acids cannot be turned into glucose, as they are broken down into the two carbon acetyl CoA. (Howeve ...
Amino Acid Transport Systems in Animal Cells
... treatment of this cell with 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM), the concentrative uptake of various amino acids is restored by supplying 1 0 mM pyruvate before either the ATP level or the alkali-ion gradients are restored. Sensitivity of this effect to inhibition b y rotenone suggests ...
... treatment of this cell with 2,4-dinitrophenol (0.1 mM) and iodoacetate (1 mM), the concentrative uptake of various amino acids is restored by supplying 1 0 mM pyruvate before either the ATP level or the alkali-ion gradients are restored. Sensitivity of this effect to inhibition b y rotenone suggests ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Glucose (C6H12O6) becomes completely oxidized and six molecules of O2 are reduced to six molecules of water. The energy that is released can be used to do work. The same equation applies to the overall metabolism of glucose in cells. However, in contrast to c ...
... This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Glucose (C6H12O6) becomes completely oxidized and six molecules of O2 are reduced to six molecules of water. The energy that is released can be used to do work. The same equation applies to the overall metabolism of glucose in cells. However, in contrast to c ...
Chapter Nine - The Krebs Cycle
... • Hans Kreb discovered its cyclic nature • Goes by three names – Citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic cycle – Krebs cycle ...
... • Hans Kreb discovered its cyclic nature • Goes by three names – Citric acid cycle – Tricarboxylic cycle – Krebs cycle ...
Homework # 8 Energetics, Electron Transport
... http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/600glycolysis.html Ques. 16. a) The catabolism of glycogen is called ________. b) The catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid is called ________. c) The formation of glucose from lactic acid is called ________. d) The formation of glycogen is called ________ . Qu ...
... http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/600glycolysis.html Ques. 16. a) The catabolism of glycogen is called ________. b) The catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid is called ________. c) The formation of glucose from lactic acid is called ________. d) The formation of glycogen is called ________ . Qu ...
Rubisco
... • Because the initial trapping of CO2 in C4 metabolism involved PEP carboxylase and the production of oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound), it is called C4 metabolism. • PEP carboxylase utilizes HCO3-, which is structurally distinct from CO2 and O2. • Moving Calvin cycle to bundle sheath cell will ...
... • Because the initial trapping of CO2 in C4 metabolism involved PEP carboxylase and the production of oxaloacetate (a four carbon compound), it is called C4 metabolism. • PEP carboxylase utilizes HCO3-, which is structurally distinct from CO2 and O2. • Moving Calvin cycle to bundle sheath cell will ...
CHAPTER 6
... ATP Serves in a Cellular Energy Cycle • ATP is the energy currency of cells • Phototrophs transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP • In heterotrophs, catabolism produces ATP, which drives activities of cells • Energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi • ATP cycle carries ...
... ATP Serves in a Cellular Energy Cycle • ATP is the energy currency of cells • Phototrophs transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP • In heterotrophs, catabolism produces ATP, which drives activities of cells • Energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi • ATP cycle carries ...
CATABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS1.36 MB
... subsequent NAD+-dependent oxidation of malate in the mitochondrion forms oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase) • Each NADH molecule can generate up to 2.5 ATP during mitochondrial respiration, greatly reducing the overall energetic cost of urea synthesis. ...
... subsequent NAD+-dependent oxidation of malate in the mitochondrion forms oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase) • Each NADH molecule can generate up to 2.5 ATP during mitochondrial respiration, greatly reducing the overall energetic cost of urea synthesis. ...
Document
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
... of the 3rd phase of Glucose Aerobic oxidation • Stage I The acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized into CO2, with electrons collected by NAD and FAD via a cyclic pathway (tricarboxylic acid cycle) • Stage II Electrons of NADH and FADH2 are transferred to O2 via a series carriers, producing H2O and a H+ g ...
Respiration - Biology Junction
... that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. • In the mitochondrion, chemiosmosis generates ATP. • Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts also generates ATP, but light drives the electron flow down an electron transport chain and H+ gradient formation. • Prok ...
... that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. • In the mitochondrion, chemiosmosis generates ATP. • Chemiosmosis in chloroplasts also generates ATP, but light drives the electron flow down an electron transport chain and H+ gradient formation. • Prok ...
Lecture 35 - Lipid Metabolism 1
... cells convert excess acetyl CoA that builds up in the mitochondrial matrix when glucose levels are high into fatty acids that can be stored or exported as triacylglycerols. ...
... cells convert excess acetyl CoA that builds up in the mitochondrial matrix when glucose levels are high into fatty acids that can be stored or exported as triacylglycerols. ...
Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... and two carbon atoms leave the cycle as two molecules of CO2. However, the carbon atoms leaving the cycle correspond to carbon atoms that entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cy ...
... and two carbon atoms leave the cycle as two molecules of CO2. However, the carbon atoms leaving the cycle correspond to carbon atoms that entered in the previous cycle; there is a one-cycle delay between the entry of two carbon atoms as an acetyl unit and their release as CO2. 4. In each complete cy ...
energy, cellular respiration
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
energy, cellular respiration
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
... • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized oxidation = loss of H Oxygen is reduced (gains H) Loss of hydrogen atoms ...
The urea cycle
... ATP due to the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle who transfers the electrons from cytosolic NADH to FADH2 and that gives 1.5 ATP), a net production of one high-energy phosphate bond for the urea cycle. However, ifgluconeogenesis is underway in the cytosol, the latter reducing equivalent is used to drive ...
... ATP due to the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle who transfers the electrons from cytosolic NADH to FADH2 and that gives 1.5 ATP), a net production of one high-energy phosphate bond for the urea cycle. However, ifgluconeogenesis is underway in the cytosol, the latter reducing equivalent is used to drive ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... • Occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotes • Operates twice for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis • Starts with Acetyl CoA; acetyl group is oxidized to two CO2 • Oxaloacetate is regenerated in the last step ...
... • Occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotes • Operates twice for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis • Starts with Acetyl CoA; acetyl group is oxidized to two CO2 • Oxaloacetate is regenerated in the last step ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.