Enduring Understanding: Growth, reproduction and maintenance of
... ◦ Facultative Anaerobes- an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
... ◦ Facultative Anaerobes- an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration when oxygen is available but switches to fermentation when oxygen is not available ◦ Obligate Anaerobes – carry out only fermentation (anaerobic respiration) and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen ...
Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture Glycolysis
... essential for producing enough ATP for animals and many other organisms to survive. The first two steps in cellular respiration—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—produced a small amount of ATP from the breakdown of glucose. These steps also produced NADH and FADH2 molecules. Through the electron transp ...
... essential for producing enough ATP for animals and many other organisms to survive. The first two steps in cellular respiration—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—produced a small amount of ATP from the breakdown of glucose. These steps also produced NADH and FADH2 molecules. Through the electron transp ...
Respiration: ATP - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
... such as nerve cells, can only use glucose as their respiratory substrate, but others can use fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids. Respiration of glucose has four main stages: • glycolysis in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell • the link reaction in the matrix of a mitochondrion • the Krebs cyc ...
... such as nerve cells, can only use glucose as their respiratory substrate, but others can use fatty acids, glycerol and amino acids. Respiration of glucose has four main stages: • glycolysis in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell • the link reaction in the matrix of a mitochondrion • the Krebs cyc ...
metabolism - Doctor Jade Main
... • begins & ends with oxaloacetate (OAA) • acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate- 4 carbon compoundcitrate-6 carbon compound • cycle continues around through 8 successive step • during steps atoms of citric acid are rearranged producing different intermediates called keto acids • eventually turns i ...
... • begins & ends with oxaloacetate (OAA) • acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate- 4 carbon compoundcitrate-6 carbon compound • cycle continues around through 8 successive step • during steps atoms of citric acid are rearranged producing different intermediates called keto acids • eventually turns i ...
Document
... The Role of Coenzymes • NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and hydrogen from intermediates during the first two stages • When reduced, they are NADH and FADH2 • In the third stage, these coenzymes deliver the electrons and hydrogen to the transport system ...
... The Role of Coenzymes • NAD+ and FAD accept electrons and hydrogen from intermediates during the first two stages • When reduced, they are NADH and FADH2 • In the third stage, these coenzymes deliver the electrons and hydrogen to the transport system ...
Chapter 34 HEIN
... Figure 34.4 An overview of gluconeogenesis. All transformations except lactate to pyruvate require a series of reactions. ...
... Figure 34.4 An overview of gluconeogenesis. All transformations except lactate to pyruvate require a series of reactions. ...
Fatigue and the Recovery Process
... minutes to hours depending on the intensity of the exercise Oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid back to Pyruvate. (LA +O2 = Pyruvate) Pyruvate can then enter the aerobic system and leave as CO2 and water Lactic acid can also be converted back into glycogen and stored in the liver or muscl ...
... minutes to hours depending on the intensity of the exercise Oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid back to Pyruvate. (LA +O2 = Pyruvate) Pyruvate can then enter the aerobic system and leave as CO2 and water Lactic acid can also be converted back into glycogen and stored in the liver or muscl ...
Cellular Respiration Jigsaw Activity Hand each student a standard
... Directions: Below are statements regarding the various steps of cellular respiration. Identify whether the statement is true of false. If the statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. 1) Glycolysis produces a net of four (4) ATP molecules. ...
... Directions: Below are statements regarding the various steps of cellular respiration. Identify whether the statement is true of false. If the statement is false, correct the statement so that it becomes true. 1) Glycolysis produces a net of four (4) ATP molecules. ...
Biological Energy Systems
... 2) Pyruvate can be shuttled into the mitochondria. • When pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower, but it can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough. • This process is often referred to as aerobic glycolys ...
... 2) Pyruvate can be shuttled into the mitochondria. • When pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria to undergo the Krebs cycle, the ATP resynthesis rate is slower, but it can occur for a longer duration if the exercise intensity is low enough. • This process is often referred to as aerobic glycolys ...
cellular-respiration 1
... a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of the protein carriers are cytochrome molecules, complex carbon rings with a heme (iron) group in t ...
... a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequential redox reaction, energy is released to form ATP molecules. c. Some of the protein carriers are cytochrome molecules, complex carbon rings with a heme (iron) group in t ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration 8.1 Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular
... consists of carriers that pass electrons successively from one to another. 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequent ...
... consists of carriers that pass electrons successively from one to another. 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequent ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Dr. Harold Kay Njemanze 8.1
... consists of carriers that pass electrons successively from one to another. 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequent ...
... consists of carriers that pass electrons successively from one to another. 2. NADH and FADH2 carry the electrons to the electron transport system. 3. Members of the Chain a. NADH gives up its electrons and becomes NAD+; the next carrier then gains electrons and is thereby reduced. b. At each sequent ...
Reading Guide
... 14. How does phosphorylation affect glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase? 15. Enzymes called ______________________ oppose the action of kinases, turning off glycogen degradation and turning on glycogen synthesis. 16. Liver cells respond to glucagon by _________________________. 17. Muscle d ...
... 14. How does phosphorylation affect glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase? 15. Enzymes called ______________________ oppose the action of kinases, turning off glycogen degradation and turning on glycogen synthesis. 16. Liver cells respond to glucagon by _________________________. 17. Muscle d ...
a ANSWER - Cornerstone Charter Academy
... a. outside the mitochondria b. in the endoplasmic reticulum c. in the fluid of the mitochondria d. on the outer mitochondrial membrane ...
... a. outside the mitochondria b. in the endoplasmic reticulum c. in the fluid of the mitochondria d. on the outer mitochondrial membrane ...
Pyruvate and Energetics of Glycolysis
... B) They are not control points for pathway regulation. C) They are reversible reactions. D) All of the above. E) None of the above. ...
... B) They are not control points for pathway regulation. C) They are reversible reactions. D) All of the above. E) None of the above. ...
ATP
... 3. E in the form of 2 ATP are used to break 1 glucose 4. releases 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate molecules are formed 5. 1 glucose yields 4 ATP, but 2 are needed to start the process (therefore, there is a net gain of 2 ATP) ...
... 3. E in the form of 2 ATP are used to break 1 glucose 4. releases 4 ATP and 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate molecules are formed 5. 1 glucose yields 4 ATP, but 2 are needed to start the process (therefore, there is a net gain of 2 ATP) ...
Fermentation - Sacred Heart Academy
... • Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen. Fermentation – takes advantage of glycolysis, – produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and – reduces NAD+ to NADH. ...
... • Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy that does not require oxygen. Fermentation – takes advantage of glycolysis, – produces two ATP molecules per glucose, and – reduces NAD+ to NADH. ...
Mitochondria Mitochondria are the organelles that function as the
... of FAD is reduced. Although one molecule of GTP leads to the production of one ATP, the production of the reduced NAD and FAD are far more significant in the cell's energy-generating process. This is because NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to an electron transport system that generates large a ...
... of FAD is reduced. Although one molecule of GTP leads to the production of one ATP, the production of the reduced NAD and FAD are far more significant in the cell's energy-generating process. This is because NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to an electron transport system that generates large a ...
Review for Final Summer 2008
... kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each) 2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy) Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism reactant vs. product exergonic vs. endergonic reactions what’s ATP? where’s the energy located on the molecule? ...
... kinetic vs. potential energy (give examples of each) 2 laws of thermodynamics (quantity and quality of energy) Define: entropy, chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, metabolism reactant vs. product exergonic vs. endergonic reactions what’s ATP? where’s the energy located on the molecule? ...
Citric acid cycle - Issaquah Connect
... Key points you need to take away from this unit 1. Glycolysis/Citric Acid Cycle • Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate • Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the ...
... Key points you need to take away from this unit 1. Glycolysis/Citric Acid Cycle • Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate • Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the ...
ATP
... via either the de novo or salvage pathways • For the de novo pathway, amino acids (Asp, Gln, Gly), ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, One-carbon units (carried by H4 folate) are the precursors. • The free bases are not intermediates for the de ...
... via either the de novo or salvage pathways • For the de novo pathway, amino acids (Asp, Gln, Gly), ribose 5-phosphate, CO2, One-carbon units (carried by H4 folate) are the precursors. • The free bases are not intermediates for the de ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.