Oxidation of fatty acids
... Occurs in 3 steps 1. Oxidative removal of successive 2 carbon units in the form of acetyl CoA. 2. Acetyl groups enter Citric acid cycle to yield CO2 and H2O 3. NADH and FADH2 donate electron to the mitochondrial chain with ultimate phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ...
... Occurs in 3 steps 1. Oxidative removal of successive 2 carbon units in the form of acetyl CoA. 2. Acetyl groups enter Citric acid cycle to yield CO2 and H2O 3. NADH and FADH2 donate electron to the mitochondrial chain with ultimate phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ...
CHAPTER 4: CELLULAR METABOLISM
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
From Fig - Jiamusi University
... Long-chain fatty acids ae transported into mitochondria via the carnitine system, and there is also a special carrier for pyruvate. However, dicarboxylate and tricarboxylate anions and amino acids require specific transporter or carrier systems to facilitate their transport across the ...
... Long-chain fatty acids ae transported into mitochondria via the carnitine system, and there is also a special carrier for pyruvate. However, dicarboxylate and tricarboxylate anions and amino acids require specific transporter or carrier systems to facilitate their transport across the ...
ENZYMES - Bio12.com
... 2. Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site Examples Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These can be ...
... 2. Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site Examples Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These can be ...
ap-ch-8-8ed-powerpoint
... reaction is becomes a reactant for another reaction. This keeps products from building up and prevents the cell from reaching equilibrium. ...
... reaction is becomes a reactant for another reaction. This keeps products from building up and prevents the cell from reaching equilibrium. ...
103 final review worksheet
... 36. What type of secondary structure predominates in -keratin? What type in keratin? 37. What is the primary type of cross-linking in secondary structure? 38. Describe the structure of collagen and explain what makes it so strong. ...
... 36. What type of secondary structure predominates in -keratin? What type in keratin? 37. What is the primary type of cross-linking in secondary structure? 38. Describe the structure of collagen and explain what makes it so strong. ...
Chapter 3 Biochemistry
... together like a “lock & key” • This fit weaken bonds so that less energy is needed for reaction. ...
... together like a “lock & key” • This fit weaken bonds so that less energy is needed for reaction. ...
Short Answer Questions: a workshop
... The conversion of pyruvate to lactate does not yield enough ATP. Krebs cycle cannot take place as there is little acetyl CoA (from glucose there is none!) No reduced coenzymes to enter oxidative phosphorylation stage and so not enough ATP is made. Without ATP, cells (neurones, etc.) cannot carry out ...
... The conversion of pyruvate to lactate does not yield enough ATP. Krebs cycle cannot take place as there is little acetyl CoA (from glucose there is none!) No reduced coenzymes to enter oxidative phosphorylation stage and so not enough ATP is made. Without ATP, cells (neurones, etc.) cannot carry out ...
H 2 O
... • Died-August 1, 1970 in Berlin, Germany • He won a Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine for his Warburg effect in 1931. ...
... • Died-August 1, 1970 in Berlin, Germany • He won a Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine for his Warburg effect in 1931. ...
Exam 4
... G. In addition to the liver, the other organ that does significant amounts of gluconeogenesis is ___________________________. H. Lactate is recycled to glucose in the _____________________ cycle. I. A _______________________ is a water soluble form of acetyl CoA that forms in high concentrations in ...
... G. In addition to the liver, the other organ that does significant amounts of gluconeogenesis is ___________________________. H. Lactate is recycled to glucose in the _____________________ cycle. I. A _______________________ is a water soluble form of acetyl CoA that forms in high concentrations in ...
File
... – Inorganic partners (iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions) – Some bind to enzyme and induce a change in its shape, which activates the active site – Essential to function ...
... – Inorganic partners (iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions) – Some bind to enzyme and induce a change in its shape, which activates the active site – Essential to function ...
Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration
... • Step 1 acid Glycolysis 4 hydrogen (2 pair) atoms formed – First step in respiration picked up by 2NAD+ 2NADH + (2H+) ETS Occurs 2–ATP used in cytoplasm 4–ATP formedrequire oxygen Doesn’t ...
... • Step 1 acid Glycolysis 4 hydrogen (2 pair) atoms formed – First step in respiration picked up by 2NAD+ 2NADH + (2H+) ETS Occurs 2–ATP used in cytoplasm 4–ATP formedrequire oxygen Doesn’t ...
Kinesin Microtubule Gliding Assay 1. Make labeled microtubules
... 1) If you have a very slow moving motor it can be useful to flow in just MTs diluted in BCB and allow them to bind (turn coverslip face down and wait a few minutes). Then flow in motility mix containing everything except MTs. This will reduce the background fluorescence and prevent extra MTs binding ...
... 1) If you have a very slow moving motor it can be useful to flow in just MTs diluted in BCB and allow them to bind (turn coverslip face down and wait a few minutes). Then flow in motility mix containing everything except MTs. This will reduce the background fluorescence and prevent extra MTs binding ...
ppt-file
... producing lysine [4]. 2 modes only use glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and AD ...
... producing lysine [4]. 2 modes only use glucose as a substrate (yield: ¾), five modes only use acetate, and 29 use both. The optimal lysine over glucose yield of ¾ coincides with earlier results obtained by metabolite balancing in [3]. It is understandable that the yield is lower than when ATP and AD ...
purine
... • GTP is involved in AMP synthesis and ATP is involved in GMP synthesis (reciprocal control of production) • PRPP is a biosynthetically “central” molecule (why?) – ADP/GDP levels – negative feedback on Ribose Phosphate ...
... • GTP is involved in AMP synthesis and ATP is involved in GMP synthesis (reciprocal control of production) • PRPP is a biosynthetically “central” molecule (why?) – ADP/GDP levels – negative feedback on Ribose Phosphate ...
Mechanisms
... ATP via mitochondrial respiration; CO and CN are therefore very toxic to these organs. – Bone marrow and gut epithelium contain rapidly dividing cells; mitotic substances damage these tissues. ...
... ATP via mitochondrial respiration; CO and CN are therefore very toxic to these organs. – Bone marrow and gut epithelium contain rapidly dividing cells; mitotic substances damage these tissues. ...
Batteries convert chemically stored energy to electrical energy, and
... Typically this involves concentrating them against a gradient and that requires energy. Once inside the cell, the elements are assembled into monomers that the cell needs. The diversity of life on Earth uses a surprisingly small number of monomers to form the great variety of cellular structures. Th ...
... Typically this involves concentrating them against a gradient and that requires energy. Once inside the cell, the elements are assembled into monomers that the cell needs. The diversity of life on Earth uses a surprisingly small number of monomers to form the great variety of cellular structures. Th ...
Nucleotide File
... phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups.[1] Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides ...
... phosphate groups form bonds with either the 2, 3, or 5-carbon of the sugar, with the 5carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group is bound to two of the sugar's hydroxyl groups.[1] Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides ...
No Slide Title
... of deoxyribonucleic acid just like glycogen synthase elongates a chain of glycogen. The enzymatic activity was unusual: 1) Needed a template which dictates what nucleotide was added: substrate was directing enzymatic activity 2) Needed a primer annealed to the template. ...
... of deoxyribonucleic acid just like glycogen synthase elongates a chain of glycogen. The enzymatic activity was unusual: 1) Needed a template which dictates what nucleotide was added: substrate was directing enzymatic activity 2) Needed a primer annealed to the template. ...
6 Energy
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used in man ...
... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of phosphorylation and cellular respiration and used in man ...
chapter_14_respiration_in_plants
... electrons from ubiquinone are received by cytochrome bc1 (complex III) and further get transferred to cytochrome c. The cytochrome c acts as a mobile carrier between complex III and cytochrome c oxidase complex, containing cytochrome a and a3, along with copper centres (complex IV). During the trans ...
... electrons from ubiquinone are received by cytochrome bc1 (complex III) and further get transferred to cytochrome c. The cytochrome c acts as a mobile carrier between complex III and cytochrome c oxidase complex, containing cytochrome a and a3, along with copper centres (complex IV). During the trans ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.