UNIT 7 Mitochondria and hepatic detoxification
... Origin of mitochondria: the endosymbiont hypothesis The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • ...
... Origin of mitochondria: the endosymbiont hypothesis The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that mitochondria have evolved from anaerobic bacteria which were phagocytosed by eukaryote cells at the time oxygen appeared on earth, Similarities between mitochondria and bacteria include the presence of: • ...
“Photosynthesis and Respiration Concept Map” Use the terms below
... Use the terms below to create a concept map. A concept map is a graphic organizer that illustrates the connection between terms, ideas, concepts, and processes. Typically a concept map goes from general or big ideas to smaller more specific or detailed ideas. Additionally, a connecting phrase descri ...
... Use the terms below to create a concept map. A concept map is a graphic organizer that illustrates the connection between terms, ideas, concepts, and processes. Typically a concept map goes from general or big ideas to smaller more specific or detailed ideas. Additionally, a connecting phrase descri ...
questions - University of Saskatchewan Library
... a) adds a nucleotide diphosphate to the 3’ end of a DNA primer b) adds a nucleotide triphosphate to the 5’ end of a DNA primer c) adds a nucleotide triphosphate to the 3’ end of an RNA primer d) adds a nucleotide triphosphate to the 5’ end of an RNA primer 35. Which of the following statements about ...
... a) adds a nucleotide diphosphate to the 3’ end of a DNA primer b) adds a nucleotide triphosphate to the 5’ end of a DNA primer c) adds a nucleotide triphosphate to the 3’ end of an RNA primer d) adds a nucleotide triphosphate to the 5’ end of an RNA primer 35. Which of the following statements about ...
Ch. 9: Cellular Respiration
... Glycolysis: 2 ATP Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP Each NADH molecule that supplies ETC can generate 3 ATP Each FADH2 can generate 2 ATP 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 made by aerobic respiration How many ATP from the NADH and FADH2? During cellular respiration, most energy ...
... Glycolysis: 2 ATP Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP Each NADH molecule that supplies ETC can generate 3 ATP Each FADH2 can generate 2 ATP 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 made by aerobic respiration How many ATP from the NADH and FADH2? During cellular respiration, most energy ...
Chapter 6 How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... involves (1) glycolysis, (2) alteration of pyruvate, (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) oxidative phosphorylation – The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule has a theoretical maximum of about 38 – This is about 40% of a glucose molecule potential energy – Additionally, water and CO2 are ...
... involves (1) glycolysis, (2) alteration of pyruvate, (3) the citric acid cycle, and (4) oxidative phosphorylation – The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule has a theoretical maximum of about 38 – This is about 40% of a glucose molecule potential energy – Additionally, water and CO2 are ...
Document
... Many poisons and antimicrobial agents are enzyme inhibitors Can be accomplished by competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors Competitive inhibitors - compete with substrate for the active site ...
... Many poisons and antimicrobial agents are enzyme inhibitors Can be accomplished by competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors Competitive inhibitors - compete with substrate for the active site ...
What is the number of ATP made by Kreb`s cycle alone
... describe the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate such as glucose? ...
... describe the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate such as glucose? ...
VI. LIGHT REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, cont
... Collection of molecules, each more electronegative than the one before it Molecules are reduced, then oxidized as electrons are passed down the chain Oxygen is ultimate electron acceptor Purpose is to establish H+ gradient on two sides of inner mitochondrial membrane Energy from “falling e ...
... Collection of molecules, each more electronegative than the one before it Molecules are reduced, then oxidized as electrons are passed down the chain Oxygen is ultimate electron acceptor Purpose is to establish H+ gradient on two sides of inner mitochondrial membrane Energy from “falling e ...
electron transport chain
... phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ...
... phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ...
Essential amino acids
... AGA：CPS I is an allosteric enzyme sensitive to activation by N-acetylglutamate（AGA） which is derived from glutamate and acetyl-CoA. All intermediate products accelerate the reaction Rate-limiting enzyme of urea cycle is argininosuccinate ...
... AGA：CPS I is an allosteric enzyme sensitive to activation by N-acetylglutamate（AGA） which is derived from glutamate and acetyl-CoA. All intermediate products accelerate the reaction Rate-limiting enzyme of urea cycle is argininosuccinate ...
Cell Respiration
... There are different catabolic pathways used in ATP production: • Fermentation - the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • Cellular respiration - A more efficient and ...
... There are different catabolic pathways used in ATP production: • Fermentation - the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • Cellular respiration - A more efficient and ...
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
... In glycolysis, a single molecule of glucose is enzymatically cut in half through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate – In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH – At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylat ...
BIOENERGETICS
... • Aerobic organisms extract free energy from glucose obtained from their surrouindings by oxidizing the glucose with oxygen (also obtained from surroundings). The end products of this oxidation reaction are CO2 and H2O and they are returned to the surroundings. At the end of this process, the surrou ...
... • Aerobic organisms extract free energy from glucose obtained from their surrouindings by oxidizing the glucose with oxygen (also obtained from surroundings). The end products of this oxidation reaction are CO2 and H2O and they are returned to the surroundings. At the end of this process, the surrou ...
LEC 7 respiration
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • El ...
... The Pathway of Electron Transport • The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • El ...
cellular respiration
... • This exergonic flow of H+ is used by the enzyme to generate ATP. • This coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called ...
... • This exergonic flow of H+ is used by the enzyme to generate ATP. • This coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called ...
Bioluminescence: Luciferin-Lucferase ATP Detection Assay
... luciferin with ATP, to form luciferyl-AMP as an enzymebound intermediate. This intermediate reacts with O2 to create another bound intermediate, oxyluciferin, in a high-energy state. The subsequent energy transition to the ground state yields yellow-green light with a spectral ...
... luciferin with ATP, to form luciferyl-AMP as an enzymebound intermediate. This intermediate reacts with O2 to create another bound intermediate, oxyluciferin, in a high-energy state. The subsequent energy transition to the ground state yields yellow-green light with a spectral ...
Chapter 4 Outline
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
... 2. The chemical reactions in CR must occur in a particular sequence, with each reaction being catalyzed by a different (specific) enzyme. There are three major series of reactions: a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain 3. Some enzymes are present in the cell’s cytoplasm, so ...
Respiration in Plants
... PGAL is oxidised and with inorganic phosphate to get converted into BPGA. The conversion of BPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), is also an energy yielding process; this energy is trapped by the formation of ATP. Another ATP is synthesized during the conversion of PEP to pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid ...
... PGAL is oxidised and with inorganic phosphate to get converted into BPGA. The conversion of BPGA to 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA), is also an energy yielding process; this energy is trapped by the formation of ATP. Another ATP is synthesized during the conversion of PEP to pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid ...
Oxidation of fatty acids
... Occurs in 3 steps 1. Oxidative removal of successive 2 carbon units in the form of acetyl CoA. 2. Acetyl groups enter Citric acid cycle to yield CO2 and H2O 3. NADH and FADH2 donate electron to the mitochondrial chain with ultimate phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ...
... Occurs in 3 steps 1. Oxidative removal of successive 2 carbon units in the form of acetyl CoA. 2. Acetyl groups enter Citric acid cycle to yield CO2 and H2O 3. NADH and FADH2 donate electron to the mitochondrial chain with ultimate phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.