A human SARS-CoV neutralizing antibody against epitope on S2
... Preparation of Luc/SARS S pseudovirus. The Luc/SARS S pseudovirus system was prepared based on the method described in [26]. Briefly, mammalian cell 293T was cotransfected by using three vectors that are mammalian expression vector pMT 21-S coding SARS-CoV S protein, pCMVR 8.2 coding for MuLV Gag and ...
... Preparation of Luc/SARS S pseudovirus. The Luc/SARS S pseudovirus system was prepared based on the method described in [26]. Briefly, mammalian cell 293T was cotransfected by using three vectors that are mammalian expression vector pMT 21-S coding SARS-CoV S protein, pCMVR 8.2 coding for MuLV Gag and ...
Macrophage Polarization at the Crossroad Between HIV
... infection or on the functional polarization of these cells. In vitro, HIV-1 infection has been reported to drive human MDM toward an M1-like phenotype,60,61 although unlike that observed after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, HIV-1–driven polarization does not involve a toll-like receptor–depen ...
... infection or on the functional polarization of these cells. In vitro, HIV-1 infection has been reported to drive human MDM toward an M1-like phenotype,60,61 although unlike that observed after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, HIV-1–driven polarization does not involve a toll-like receptor–depen ...
Evaluating the efficacy, safety and possible selenium
... Methods. For the cytotoxicity effects on lymphocytes, the MTT assay was used where lymphocytes were isolated and divided in to two groups, one group was stimulated with PHA and the other not, then the cells were treated with different concentrations of the test compounds. The evaluation of the antio ...
... Methods. For the cytotoxicity effects on lymphocytes, the MTT assay was used where lymphocytes were isolated and divided in to two groups, one group was stimulated with PHA and the other not, then the cells were treated with different concentrations of the test compounds. The evaluation of the antio ...
Bacillus cereus immune escape: a journey
... B. thuringiensis, and B. cereus, are very similar and the genetic determinants required for nonspecies-specific aspects of infection may be common to all the bacteria of the B. cereus group (Ivanova et al., 2003). Bacillus cereus is an emerging human pathogen initially characterized as a causal agen ...
... B. thuringiensis, and B. cereus, are very similar and the genetic determinants required for nonspecies-specific aspects of infection may be common to all the bacteria of the B. cereus group (Ivanova et al., 2003). Bacillus cereus is an emerging human pathogen initially characterized as a causal agen ...
Bacterial complement evasion
... to evade each subsequent step. The focus is on bacterial proteins, either surface-bound or excreted, that block complement activation. The underlying molecular mechanism of action and the possible role in pathophysiology of bacterial infections are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved ...
... to evade each subsequent step. The focus is on bacterial proteins, either surface-bound or excreted, that block complement activation. The underlying molecular mechanism of action and the possible role in pathophysiology of bacterial infections are discussed. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved ...
Aerobic Glycolysis: Meeting the Metabolic Requirements of Cell
... average percentage of ATP contribution from glycolysis is 17% (Zu & Guppy 2004). This collection of data does not support the hypothesis that cancer cells exhibit aerobic glycolysis to generate ATP faster, since in many cancer cells the majority of ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... average percentage of ATP contribution from glycolysis is 17% (Zu & Guppy 2004). This collection of data does not support the hypothesis that cancer cells exhibit aerobic glycolysis to generate ATP faster, since in many cancer cells the majority of ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation. ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Santambrogio, Laura
... Principal Investigator: Laura Santambrogio Agency: Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society Period: 01/01/1996 – 01/01/1999 “Role of Exosomes in HIV release from multivesicular bodies in CNS microglial cells” Principal Investigator: Laura Santambrogio Agency: NIH (CFAR Pilot Project) Period: 08/01/2004-12 ...
... Principal Investigator: Laura Santambrogio Agency: Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society Period: 01/01/1996 – 01/01/1999 “Role of Exosomes in HIV release from multivesicular bodies in CNS microglial cells” Principal Investigator: Laura Santambrogio Agency: NIH (CFAR Pilot Project) Period: 08/01/2004-12 ...
Differential DNA Methylation in Purified Human Blood Cells
... methods, now even in a genome-wide manner for hundreds of thousands of sites. The application of DNA methylation analysis is becoming widely popular in complex disorders, for example, to understand part of the ‘‘missing heritability’’. The DNA samples most readily available for methylation studies a ...
... methods, now even in a genome-wide manner for hundreds of thousands of sites. The application of DNA methylation analysis is becoming widely popular in complex disorders, for example, to understand part of the ‘‘missing heritability’’. The DNA samples most readily available for methylation studies a ...
REVIEWS - Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie
... mycobacterial survival9. So mycobacteria can survive and replicate intracellularly through other strategies that protect them from subsequent attack by antimicrobial components in the phagosomal maturation pathway. Phagosomal maturation involves a series of sequential fusion events with various vesi ...
... mycobacterial survival9. So mycobacteria can survive and replicate intracellularly through other strategies that protect them from subsequent attack by antimicrobial components in the phagosomal maturation pathway. Phagosomal maturation involves a series of sequential fusion events with various vesi ...
Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Pleiotropic Molecules in Host Defense
... of their direct antimicrobial functions [5], not all protective cationic peptides are necessarily working through direct microbicidal action. In contrast, under such conditions, a wide range of functions have been demonstrated for these peptides in the context of host immunity, as will be discussed ...
... of their direct antimicrobial functions [5], not all protective cationic peptides are necessarily working through direct microbicidal action. In contrast, under such conditions, a wide range of functions have been demonstrated for these peptides in the context of host immunity, as will be discussed ...
The Role of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complexes
... nutrient-sensing, and in response to energy and environmental cues [24]. The group suggests that mTOR derives the differentiation and function of APC. Indeed, mTOR has been shown to sense signals from the dendritic cells, which function as antigen presenting cells to the naï ve T lymphocytes in orde ...
... nutrient-sensing, and in response to energy and environmental cues [24]. The group suggests that mTOR derives the differentiation and function of APC. Indeed, mTOR has been shown to sense signals from the dendritic cells, which function as antigen presenting cells to the naï ve T lymphocytes in orde ...
Recognition of viruses in the cytoplasm by RLRs and other
... RNA products reverse-transcribed from the genome of DNA viruses through cytoplasmic RNA polymerase III (14, 15). By using chemically synthesized polydA:dT, these studies proposed this novel role of RIG-I as an ‘indirect’ DNA sensor. In addition, the ‘panhandle’ structure found in the influenza genom ...
... RNA products reverse-transcribed from the genome of DNA viruses through cytoplasmic RNA polymerase III (14, 15). By using chemically synthesized polydA:dT, these studies proposed this novel role of RIG-I as an ‘indirect’ DNA sensor. In addition, the ‘panhandle’ structure found in the influenza genom ...
A Model-Based Computational Analysis Ribosomal Products to
... Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. ...
... Copyright © 2005 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. ...
Department of Immunology, the Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Doctoral thesis
... Fulani, are not due to a general hyper-responsiveness in this group, but neither a malaria specific response. Rather, the higher responses in the Fulani are pathogen related, certain antigens/pathogens being more immunogenic in the Fulani ethnic group. Moreover, it appears as if the IgG subclass pat ...
... Fulani, are not due to a general hyper-responsiveness in this group, but neither a malaria specific response. Rather, the higher responses in the Fulani are pathogen related, certain antigens/pathogens being more immunogenic in the Fulani ethnic group. Moreover, it appears as if the IgG subclass pat ...
Mantovani A et al
... which promote the survival of leukocytes and their recruitment from the blood to the tissues; interleukin 1β (IL-1β), one of the main inflammatory cytokines; cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), which is frequently expressed by cancerous cells and is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins; chemokines that ...
... which promote the survival of leukocytes and their recruitment from the blood to the tissues; interleukin 1β (IL-1β), one of the main inflammatory cytokines; cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), which is frequently expressed by cancerous cells and is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins; chemokines that ...
Viruses We Eat
... In this illustration I’ve shown only one viral RNA segment. In reality, all eleven segments are transcribed in this way, and many pieces of single-stranded mRNA come sprouting out of the double capsid at the same time. This strategy works well because inside its double capsid, the environment is not ...
... In this illustration I’ve shown only one viral RNA segment. In reality, all eleven segments are transcribed in this way, and many pieces of single-stranded mRNA come sprouting out of the double capsid at the same time. This strategy works well because inside its double capsid, the environment is not ...
Challenges and strategies: The immune responses in gene therapy
... interest are packaged into the viral capsid, which then bud out of the cell and become an infectious viral particle. These particles are composed of certain viral proteins that can target the host cells; however, the viral proteins, which are recognized as non-self by host immune system, could induc ...
... interest are packaged into the viral capsid, which then bud out of the cell and become an infectious viral particle. These particles are composed of certain viral proteins that can target the host cells; however, the viral proteins, which are recognized as non-self by host immune system, could induc ...
Lecture 14 - Harford Community College
... • Early successful vaccines cultured in animals • With cell culture- could make vaccines that would not grow on anything but human cells • Some vaccines do not need cell culturerecombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines • Plant potential source for vaccines • In future- possibility for vaccines to treat ...
... • Early successful vaccines cultured in animals • With cell culture- could make vaccines that would not grow on anything but human cells • Some vaccines do not need cell culturerecombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines • Plant potential source for vaccines • In future- possibility for vaccines to treat ...
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Positioning Cells for Host
... CXCL12/CXCR4 interactions are necessary for normal bone marrow development of multiple immune cell lineages, including B cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) (11). CXCL12/CXCR4 interactions promote the retention of both develo ...
... CXCL12/CXCR4 interactions are necessary for normal bone marrow development of multiple immune cell lineages, including B cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) (11). CXCL12/CXCR4 interactions promote the retention of both develo ...
carbamazepine in a patient with severe serum
... of low molecular weight may act as haptens, however, and became immunogenic after covalent chemical binding with tissue or plasma proteins to form drug-protein conjugates.8 In general, only drugs (or their degradation products or metabolites) with sufficient chemical reactivity to bind irreversibly ...
... of low molecular weight may act as haptens, however, and became immunogenic after covalent chemical binding with tissue or plasma proteins to form drug-protein conjugates.8 In general, only drugs (or their degradation products or metabolites) with sufficient chemical reactivity to bind irreversibly ...
Deletion mutant of FGFR4 induces onion
... Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-4 (FGFR1-4) are high affinity receptors for the large family of fibroblast growth factors, which mediate a range of biological responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration (Burgess and Maciag, 1989; Hughes, 1997; Ornitz and Itoh, 2001). The ...
... Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-4 (FGFR1-4) are high affinity receptors for the large family of fibroblast growth factors, which mediate a range of biological responses such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration (Burgess and Maciag, 1989; Hughes, 1997; Ornitz and Itoh, 2001). The ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.