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Evolution of institutional rules: An immune system perspective
Evolution of institutional rules: An immune system perspective

this PDF file - Cell and Biopharmaceutical Institute
this PDF file - Cell and Biopharmaceutical Institute

... comes with side-effects. In this review, the positive and negative effects of regulation of stem cells will be explained. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which able to develop into many different cells of types in the body during early life and growth. There are five types of stem cells: embry ...
Myeloid Suppressor Cells Induced by Retinal Pigment
Myeloid Suppressor Cells Induced by Retinal Pigment

... inflammation, resulting in breakdown of the blood-retina barrier, leukocyte infiltration, retinal granulomas, retinal folding, and retinal detachment.10 It is possible that the MDSCs identified in EAU are induced, at least in part, by myeloid progenitors in the blood that enter the eye during uveiti ...
395
395

...  water is a reactant in many chemical reactions  ex. foods during digestion break down into their building blocks by adding water molecule to each bond to be broken -- hydrolysis  ex. large CHO or PRO molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules, water is removed from every bond formed – dehy ...
Regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by
Regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by

... subsets of TLRs (12, 57). In contrast, hemotopoetically derived cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells (DCs), generally express a wider spectrum of TLRs (12, 57). The TLR expression is not static, but may be upor down regulated by various stimuli and factors present i ...
Growth in Mice B Cell Depletion Enhances B16 Melanoma T Cell
Growth in Mice B Cell Depletion Enhances B16 Melanoma T Cell

... than 95% of mature B cells in the blood and primary lymphoid organs are depleted after 2 d by a single dose of MB20-11 CD20 mAb (250 mg per mouse), with the effect lasting up to 8 wk (26). To determine the role of B cells in tumor immunity, two physiologically relevant and well-characterized melanom ...
Plasma Levels of Neopterin and C-Reactive
Plasma Levels of Neopterin and C-Reactive

... depletion is characteristic of HIV disease, subnormal CD4 cell levels can occur in other conditions [3], which may coexist in PLHIV. This includes active TB [4–6]; however the mechanisms involved in TB-related CD4 lymphocytopenia are unclear. In HIV infection, the main cause of CD4 cell depletion an ...
IL-4 is a T cell product originally described as B cell growth factor by
IL-4 is a T cell product originally described as B cell growth factor by

Immunological and fibrotic mechanisms in Cardiac Allograft
Immunological and fibrotic mechanisms in Cardiac Allograft

... But which cells are mostly responsible for the development of CAV? The human immune system contains a variety of cells. After transplantation of a solid organ, the recipient’s immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it. In this process there are many different immune cells involved ...
HN proteins of human parainfluenza type 4A virus expressed in cell
HN proteins of human parainfluenza type 4A virus expressed in cell

... infectivity in culture fluids was titrated. Formaldehyde (2.2%) treatment abolished the haemadsorbing and leukadsorbing activities of the virus-infected cells, and 0.275% formaldehyde completely blocked virus production (Table 1). Subsequently, virus-infected cells (approximately 2 x 10~) treated wi ...
Delayed acquisition of Plasmodium falciparum antigen
Delayed acquisition of Plasmodium falciparum antigen

... Continuous malaria chemoprophylaxis has been shown to slow down the development of clinical immunity in children leading to an increased risk of disease following disruption or cessation of treatment [15, 16]. Cotrimoxazole (CTX), a potent antibiotic and with strong anti-malarial properties [17], is ...
The Adaptive Immune System
The Adaptive Immune System

... where they mediate the uptake of pathogens, which are then delivered to lysosomes for destruction. Others are secreted and bind to the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by either phagocytes or a system of blood proteins collectively called the complement system (discussed in Chapter ...
Linking immune defenses and life history at the
Linking immune defenses and life history at the

Polarization of T Lymphocytes is Regulated by Mesenchymal Stem Cells in NZBWF1 and BALB/c Mice
Polarization of T Lymphocytes is Regulated by Mesenchymal Stem Cells in NZBWF1 and BALB/c Mice

... shift towards an increase in Th1 cells, which is in line with the report by Deng [35]. TNF-α is a potential proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine that plays an important role in inflammatory and immune responses. It is unclear as to whether the role of TNF-α as a mediator of inflammation is ...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Therapeutic Applications in
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Therapeutic Applications in

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Therapeutic Applications in
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Therapeutic Applications in

... 3. Advanced therapies for monogenic and metabolic diseases The progression of the different areas of biology, biotechnology and medicine leads to the development of highly innovative new treatments and pharmacological products. In this regard, advanced therapies based on the by-products of gene ther ...
Le Mercier I et al, 2013
Le Mercier I et al, 2013

... Despite active immunosurveillance, some tumors still progress and escape through immunosubversion processes (1, 2). The understanding of the paradoxical role of the immune system during cancer development is a major challenge for new immunotherapy strategies. Dendritic cells (DC), the most powerful ...
Skin Immunity to Candida albicans
Skin Immunity to Candida albicans

Collagen
Collagen

...  Responsible for Catabolism of ECM  Connective tissue remodeling  Development  Wound healing  Tumor cell invasion and metastasis  At least 25 types, categorized by domain structure and ...
MHC
MHC

... HLA-DM: DMA and DMB participate in the exogenous pathways, help the peptide binding to the MHCII HLA-DO: negative regulation to DM ...
human-physiology-ii-lecture-endomembrane
human-physiology-ii-lecture-endomembrane

... Lysosomes pick up foreign invaders such as bacteria, food and break them into small pieces that can hopefully be used again. If they pick up a really harmful invader, they will eat it up and expel what is left of it out of the cell so that the debris can be removed from the body. ...
Immune response on rabbit does of different genetic
Immune response on rabbit does of different genetic

... this thesis was to study the immune response of rabbit does of different genetic types subjected to reproductive, environment and immunologic challenges, and its relationship with body condition. Effect of selection was studied using different genetic types. Three studies were carried out: In the fi ...
HMGB1 Mediates Endogenous TLR2 Activation and
HMGB1 Mediates Endogenous TLR2 Activation and

... death to release tumor antigens. Our approach consists of expressing Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), which induces DC infiltration into the brain parenchyma [7], in combination with the conditional cytotoxic gene thymidine kinase (TK) [8]. Cell death can trigger antigen-specific immune re ...
Homeostatic Competition Among T Cells Revealed by
Homeostatic Competition Among T Cells Revealed by

... Whereas the significance of TCR signaling in the thymus and during immune responses is clear, the nature of its role in T cell homeostasis and postthymic selection of naive T cells is unresolved. It is unclear, for instance, whether TCR signaling in response to endogenous peptide–MHC ligands constit ...
Publications by Bart Lambrecht, incl. "extra muros" papers
Publications by Bart Lambrecht, incl. "extra muros" papers

... muros" papers This page shows "extra muros" publications from Bart Lambrecht (without IRC as affiliation). For copyright reasons, PDF-versions of our publications are available on the intranet only (login required ...
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Polyclonal B cell response



Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.
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