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In vitro characterisation and expansion of human regulatory T cells
In vitro characterisation and expansion of human regulatory T cells

... diseases, resulting in marked improvements in both morbidity and mortality. Thus far, short term results are excellent, with patient survival rates greater than 90% one year after surgery, but there are several problems with the long term acceptance and the use of immunosuppressive drugs causing inf ...
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

... It is now well established that both the innate and adaptive immune systems undergo rapid evolution and diversification; consequently, non-mammalian vertebrate animal models that are experimentally tractable alternatives to murine systems are essential, as they will allow us better distinguish impor ...
Th1/Th2 Balance - Alternative Medicine Review
Th1/Th2 Balance - Alternative Medicine Review

... often in science, the hypothesis emerged as a byproduct of new cell-cloning techniques and new assays for cytokines.4 Two features further increased the appeal of the hypothesis.4 First, each cell subset produced cytokines that served as their own growth factors. A type of feed-forward loop promoted ...
Full Text  - FEMS Microbiology Reviews
Full Text - FEMS Microbiology Reviews

... harbouring a single species has yet been described. Interactions between organisms can be very diverse in nature, ranging from beneficial through neutral to detrimental. Infectious disease is usually defined as the result of a detrimental (set of) interaction(s), and is usually restricted to a given ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,

... with variable efficacy ranging from 0-80%. In addition to the problems associated with the BCG vaccine, diagnosis of TB cannot be performed readily with the available tools. At present, an effective control of TB is highly dependent on the development of a new TB-vaccine as well as proper identifica ...
Cnidarian-Microbe Interactions and the Origin of Innate Immunity in
Cnidarian-Microbe Interactions and the Origin of Innate Immunity in

dendritic cell-based tumor vaccination for high
dendritic cell-based tumor vaccination for high

... 4.1.3 Tumor cell lysate......................................................................................................56 4.1.4 Preparation of autologous DC..................................................................................56 ...
Medical monitoring: CD4 cell counts
Medical monitoring: CD4 cell counts

... and they co-ordinate the immune system’s response to certain micro-organisms, such as viruses. CD4 cells are the main cells in the body infected by HIV. HIV causes the death of CD4 cells. The CD4 count is measured by taking a small sample of blood (a cubic millimetre, or mm3). The count measures the ...
Role and significance of the complement system in mucosal
Role and significance of the complement system in mucosal

... mechanisms for performing their multifaceted functions. Mucosal immunity as a common functional entity has been fairly well defined, at least for B lymphocytes and their precursors, and recently for T cells, which are located in all mucosal tissues.1,2 These concepts have led to advanced knowledge i ...
Distinct lines of chickens express different splenic cytokine profiles
Distinct lines of chickens express different splenic cytokine profiles

... systemic immune mechanisms. The broiler hens expressed IFN-γ mRNA, which is involved in macrophage and natural killer thymic (T) cell activation, more highly than the Leghorn line. The IFN-γ has been shown to play a role in both innate and acquired immune functions. In innate immunity, IFN-γ is secr ...
Development of an Antigen-independent Affinity Assay to Study the
Development of an Antigen-independent Affinity Assay to Study the

... Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are membrane-bound receptors which bind the Fc fragment of antigen-bound IgGs. The binding generates cell signaling and subsequently an immunological response. In this way FcγRs are important links between the humoral and cellular parts of the immune system. Three families ...
Melanoma stem cells: not rare, but well done
Melanoma stem cells: not rare, but well done

... lished cell lines.39 A subpopulation of melanoma cells was defined experimentally by their ability to proliferate as nonadherent spheres when cultured in medium suitable for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). These ‘spheroidforming’ melanoma cells were enriched in the CD20 þ surface marker, a hemat ...
Toxocara infection and its Association with Allergic Manifestations
Toxocara infection and its Association with Allergic Manifestations

Type I and II IFNs modify the proteome of bacterial vacuoles to
Type I and II IFNs modify the proteome of bacterial vacuoles to

... balance between bacterial virulence strategies and defense pathways of the host finally determines the outcome of such bacterial encounters, resulting in microbial clearance or, in case of L. pneumophila, establishment of Legionnaires’ disease. Much progress has been made in order to understand the ...
Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface
Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface

Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide Sponges 1. Explain why sponges are
Lecture Exam 3 Study Guide Sponges 1. Explain why sponges are

Strategies of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica to evade
Strategies of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica to evade

... A simple strategy to evade RNI is to inhibit their synthesis. A previous work has shown that amoebic proteins inhibit the synthesis of NO by mouse bone-marrowderived macrophages (Wang et al 1994). Recently, a small amoebic peptide that inhibits NO production of monocytes and neutrophils has been ide ...
Anatomy of a Cell :
Anatomy of a Cell :

i Insights from a metabolic chimera: Pyruvate Kinase and Aspartate
i Insights from a metabolic chimera: Pyruvate Kinase and Aspartate

... metabolism of the retina, we must go deeper into the metabolic needs of individual cell types. To answer this question, I investigated the unique metabolic demands of the photoreceptor from energy expenditure to anabolic processes. To understand what fuels these demands I researched the extent of gl ...
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SYNAPTONEMAL
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SYNAPTONEMAL

... Ad (3). Whether there is a mechanism to test long-range homology as a precondition for reciprocal exchange is still a matter of debate (see for instance discussion in Carpenter, 1987). In various objects, for instance mice (De Boer and De Jong, 1989), reciprocal exchange between a translocated segme ...
The Biochemical and Biophysical Mechanisms of Macrophage
The Biochemical and Biophysical Mechanisms of Macrophage

... MOTIVATION An effective immune response is necessary for maintaining homeostasis and health in the human body. In order to protect against disease and persistent inflammation, cells of the immune system must be able to migrate efficiently to sites of infection and injury [1]. Macrophages are members ...
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)

... TLR7 expression in a variety of non-native expressing cell types. For example, TLR7 expression is enhanced in PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) in HIV- or HCV (hepatitis C virus)-infected patients and in systemic lupus erythematosus patients [21–23]. Enhanced TLR7 expression was detected in ...


... the neutrophils [15]. Furthermore, recently it has been observed that basophilic granular cells (acidophilic/eosinophilic granule cells or mast cells) of fish belonging to the Perciformes order, the largest and most evolutionarily advanced order of teleosts, are endowed with histamine, which is biol ...
A Reservoir of Mature Cavity Macrophages that Can Rapidly Invade
A Reservoir of Mature Cavity Macrophages that Can Rapidly Invade

... CD206+, CD64+, CD68+, CD11c+ CD115low, and CD102+, confirming they were macrophages but were different from Kupffer cells (Figure S1). Furthermore, CD102 has been identified as a specific marker for resident peritoneal macrophages and was present on macrophages in injury but not on Kupffer cells (Ok ...
The Tuning Innate Immune Activation by Surface
The Tuning Innate Immune Activation by Surface

... Although the process of phagocytosis has been extensively studied (3, 7–14), the physical and chemical characteristics that determine the response elicited by different particles remains unclear. Recent pioneering work from Mitragotri’s group (15) and subsequent studies (16–19) have demonstrated tha ...
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Polyclonal B cell response



Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.
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